出版：MarketsandMarkets（マーケッツアンドマーケッツ） 出版年月：2022年10月
フォークリフト市場 : クラス (クラス 1、2、3、4/5)、推進力 (電気、ICE)、バッテリーの種類 (リチウムイオン、鉛酸)、トン数 (<5、5-10、11-36、>36 トン) 、稼働、用途、タイヤと製品の種類、最終用途の業界、地域別 – 2027 年までの世界予測
Forklift Market by Class (Class 1, 2, 3, 4/5), Propulsion (Electric, ICE), Battery Type (Li-Ion, Lead Acid), Tonnage Capacity (<5, 5-10, 11-36, >36 Tons), Operation, Application, Tire & Product Type, End Use Industry and Region – Global Forecast to 2027
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The global forklift market size is projected to grow from USD 58.9 billion in 2022 to USD 84.5 billion by 2027, at a CAGR of 7.5% over the same period.
Forklifts are widely used in intralogistics systems and are considered more efficient for material handling applications. Benefits such as compact size, high-weight capacity, and capacity to lift and carry loads make forklifts the preferred option for material handling operations. The Asia Pacific is projected to have the largest forklift market globally over the forecast period.
The market for electric forklift is expected to witness growth due to major factors such as increasing stringent emission norms and the various advantages of the electric forklift including its emission-free and noiseless operations. This greatly aids in material handling applications in closed warehouses. It is also predicted that the lithium in battery is the fastest growing market during the forecast period. This is primarily due to its various advantages such as longer battery life, increased battery range, a greater number of charging cycles, and others. Though the lead-acid batteries are still being used in many forklifts, it is expected to be obsolete in the future. The electric forklifts can greatly aid companies’ sustainability goals and reduce their operational costs (incurred on fuel and other activities). Many leading forklift manufacturers are developing advanced technologies to make their product portfolio more productive and efficient.
“E-Commerce industry to fuel the global forklift market during the forecast period.”
The demand for forklifts in the e-commerce industry segment is projected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period. Rapidly changing customer demands, increasing preference for online shopping and surging demand for shorter delivery times are the key reasons for the growth of the e-commerce industry. The growing fierceness of competition among online retailing companies has increased the demand for efficient fulfillment centers and warehouses. The various advantages of the forklifts including the relatively low initial costs among the material handling equipment, increased productivity and efficiency against manual material handling operations and reduced labor expenses are driving the warehouses to incorporate the forklifts in their material handling operations. This increase in the productivity and efficiency greatly helps the retailers to meet the growing consumer demand in a timely manner. Such warehouses prefer emission free and noiseless operations. Thus, the increasing number of warehouses also increase the demand for the sustainable intralogistics solutions such as the electric forklifts. The e-commerce industry in the Asia Pacific region is rapidly growing, with many leading companies establishing new warehouses and fulfillment centers. This makes the Asia Pacific the largest market for forklifts in the e-commerce industry. It is projected that the Asia Pacific will lead the market with a CAGR of 8.7% during the forecast period.
“Class 3 forklifts are projected to lead the forklift market during the forecast year.”
Class 3 forklifts are estimated to grow at the fastest growth rate during the forecast period owing to the wide usage of Class 3 forklifts in warehouse and manufacturing operations globally. These electric low-lift pedestrian pallet trucks have other advantages, including emission-free and noise-free operation, relatively low initial cost, and ease of maintenance. The Asia Pacific region is projected to be the largest market for Class 3 forklifts during the forecast period. This is mainly due to the greater number of SMEs in this region. Class 3 forklifts generally have a lower initial cost, and the availability of operators for Class 3 forklifts is generally more. Also, these forklifts have relatively lower maintenance costs. Due to these factors, SMEs prefer Class 3 forklifts. Class 4/5 forklifts are the next widely used forklifts globally.
“Europe is anticipated to be the second largest forklifts market by 2027.”
According to MarketsandMarkets analysis, Europe is projected to be the second largest forklift market by 2027. This is mainly owing to factors such as strict worker safety codes, high wages, and the rising price of real estate, demanding more efficient material handling solutions. Brexit has increased the need for localized distribution centers in Europe. The need for swift order fulfillment has also increased due to increased e-commerce sales. Europe has been the most developed market for automation in warehousing and material handling processes. High labor costs, shortage of space, and stringent worker safety rules are some of the primary factors leading to the high penetration of automation technologies in the European material handling ecosystem. Also, the pharmaceutical industry would drive the adoption of forklifts in Europe. Forklifts are a major part of automated material handling systems, and the region has seen rapid development in this technology. Germany is expected to register the highest CAGR of 8.3% in the European forklift market during the forecast period. The growing number of distribution centers in the UK, reducing the cost of warehouse automation in Germany, and the growth of the logistics industry in France are expected to drive the demand for forklifts in Europe. The European forklift market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.1% during the forecast period.
In-depth interviews were conducted with CXOs, VPs, directors from business development, marketing, product development/innovation teams, independent consultants, and executives from various key organizations operating in this market.
• By Company Type: OEM – 70%, Others – 30%
• By Designation: Director Level – 30%, C Level – 60%, and Others – 10%
• By Region: Asia Pacific – 60%, Europe – 20%, North America – 10%, and Rest of the World – 10%
The forklift market is led by globally established players such as Toyota Industries Corporation (Japan), KION Group AG (Germany), Mitsubishi Logisnext Co. Ltd. (Japan), Jungheinrich AG (Germany), and Hyster-Yale Materials Handling (US).
Research Coverage:
The study segments the forklift market and forecasts the market size based on Tonnage Capacity (below 5 tons, 5–10 tons, 11–36 tons, and above 36 tons), Application (indoor, outdoor, and indoor and outdoor), Class (Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, and Class 4/5), Industry (3PL, food and beverage, automotive, paper and pulp, metals and heavy machinery, e-commerce, aviation, semiconductors and electronics, chemical, healthcare, and others), Propulsion (electric and ICE), Operation (manual and autonomous), Product Type (warehouse and counterbalance), Electric Forklift, by Battery Type (lithium-ion and lead-acid), Tire Type (cushion and pneumatic), and Region (Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and Rest of the World).
The study also includes an in-depth competitive analysis of the market’s key players, their company profiles, key observations related to product and business offerings, recent developments, and key market strategies.
Key Benefits of Buying the Report:
The report will help the market leaders/new entrants in this market with information on the closest approximations of the revenue numbers for the overall forklift market and the sub-segments. This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to better position their businesses and plan suitable go-to-market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the market’s pulse and provides information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
目次
1 INTRODUCTION 27
1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 27
1.2 MARKET DEFINITION 28
1.2.1 INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 28
1.3 MARKET SCOPE 29
FIGURE 1 FORKLIFT MARKET: MARKET SEGMENTATION 29
FIGURE 2 FORKLIFT MARKET: BY REGION 29
1.3.1 YEARS CONSIDERED 30
1.4 CURRENCY CONSIDERED 30
1.5 LIMITATIONS 30
1.6 STAKEHOLDERS 30
1.7 SUMMARY OF CHANGES 31
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 32
2.1 RESEARCH DATA 32
FIGURE 3 FORKLIFT MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN 32
FIGURE 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY MODEL 33
2.1.1 SECONDARY DATA 33
2.1.1.1 List of key secondary sources to estimate base numbers 34
2.1.1.2 Key data from secondary sources 35
2.1.2 PRIMARY DATA 35
FIGURE 5 BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS 36
2.1.2.1 Sampling techniques and data collection methods 36
2.2 MARKET ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY 37
FIGURE 6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: HYPOTHESIS BUILDING 38
2.2.1 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH 39
FIGURE 7 BOTTOM-UP APPROACH: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS 39
2.2.2 TOP-DOWN APPROACH 39
FIGURE 8 TOP-DOWN APPROACH: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY APPLICATION, END-USE INDUSTRY, PROPULSION, AND TONNAGE 39
FIGURE 9 FORKLIFT MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 40
2.3 MARKET BREAKDOWN AND DATA TRIANGULATION 41
FIGURE 10 DATA TRIANGULATION 41
2.4 FACTOR ANALYSIS 42
2.4.1 FACTOR ANALYSIS FOR MARKET SIZING: DEMAND- AND SUPPLY-SIDE ANALYSIS 42
2.5 RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS 43
2.6 RESEARCH LIMITATIONS 43
3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 44
3.1 REPORT SUMMARY 44
FIGURE 11 FORKLIFT MARKET: REPORT SUMMARY 44
FIGURE 12 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022 VS. 2027 (USD MILLION) 45
4 PREMIUM INSIGHTS 47
4.1 ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES IN FORKLIFT MARKET 47
FIGURE 13 RISE IN DEMAND FOR EFFICIENT MATERIAL HANDLING OPERATIONS EXPECTED TO DRIVE GLOBAL MARKET 47
4.2 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION 47
FIGURE 14 LESS INITIAL COST AND MAINTENANCE EXPENSES MAKE MANUAL FORKLIFT SEGMENT DOMINATE MARKET, BY VALUE 47
4.3 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY PROPULSION 48
FIGURE 15 GROWING STRINGENCY IN EMISSION REGULATIONS AND BETTER ROI MAKE ELECTRIC FORKLIFT DOMINANT SEGMENT, BY VALUE 48
4.4 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY TONNAGE CAPACITY 48
FIGURE 16 BELOW 5 TON SEGMENT TO DOMINATE MARKET (BY VALUE) DUE TO INCREASING DEMAND FOR MATERIAL HANDLING OPERATIONS IN WAREHOUSES 48
4.5 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE 49
FIGURE 17 WAREHOUSE FORKLIFT SEGMENT TO DOMINATE MARKET (BY VOLUME) DUE TO GROWING E-COMMERCE INDUSTRY 49
4.6 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY TIRE TYPE 49
FIGURE 18 INCREASING NEED FOR OUTDOOR MATERIAL HANDLING OPERATIONS DRIVING GROWTH OF PNEUMATIC TIRE SEGMENT, BY VALUE 49
4.7 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY APPLICATION 50
FIGURE 19 INDOOR FORKLIFT APPLICATIONS SEGMENT HELD MAXIMUM MARKET SHARE, BY VALUE 50
4.8 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION 50
FIGURE 20 ASIA PACIFIC TO DOMINATE FORKLIFT MARKET IN 2022 50
5 MARKET OVERVIEW 51
5.1 INTRODUCTION 51
5.2 MARKET DYNAMICS 52
FIGURE 21 FORKLIFT MARKET: MARKET DYNAMICS 52
5.2.1 DRIVERS 52
5.2.1.1 Stringent emission norms and rising demand for sustainable intralogistics 52
FIGURE 22 NON-ROAD MOBILE MACHINERY EMISSION REGULATION OUTLOOK, 2019–2025 53
TABLE 1 OEMS AND THEIR KEY ELECTRIC FORKLIFT MODELS 54
5.2.1.2 Rapid growth in e-commerce and warehousing sector 55
5.2.1.3 Increasing demand for lean and automated warehouses to increase operational efficiency 55
FIGURE 23 GLOBAL WAREHOUSE AUTOMATION MARKET, BY VALUE (2016–2025) 56
5.2.2 RESTRAINTS 56
5.2.2.1 Increase in third-party logistics (3PL) services 56
5.2.2.2 Increasing demand for stacker cranes 57
5.2.3 OPPORTUNITIES 57
5.2.3.1 Evolution of refurbished and rental forklifts 57
TABLE 2 PROCESS INVOLVED IN REFURBISHMENT OF USED FORKLIFTS 58
5.2.3.2 Modular solutions to optimize customer productivity 59
FIGURE 24 EXAMPLE OF MODULAR CONFIGURATION OPTION IN FORKLIFTS 59
5.2.3.3 Development of autonomous, connected, and fleet management solutions 60
FIGURE 25 LOGISTICS VALUE CHAIN OF A PRODUCT 60
5.2.4 CHALLENGES 61
5.2.4.1 Risks related to accidents involving forklifts 61
FIGURE 26 US: PERCENTAGE OF FATAL AND NON-FATAL INJURIES INVOLVING FORKLIFTS, 2011–2020 61
FIGURE 27 US: PERCENTAGE OF DIFFERENT EVENTS OF NON-FATAL ACCIDENTS INVOLVING FORKLIFTS, 2020 62
FIGURE 28 US: PERCENTAGE OF NATURE OF INJURIES INVOLVING FORKLIFTS, 2020 62
5.2.4.2 Higher initial cost of electric forklifts 62
TABLE 3 PRICE COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT FORKLIFT MODELS 63
5.2.4.3 High integration and technology cost of autonomous forklifts 63
5.3 SCENARIOS: FORKLIFT MARKET 64
FIGURE 29 FORKLIFT MARKET SCENARIO, 2019–2027 (USD MILLION) 64
5.3.1 REALISTIC SCENARIO 64
TABLE 4 FORKLIFT MARKET (REALISTIC SCENARIO), BY REGION, 2019–2027 (USD MILLION) 64
5.3.2 PESSIMISTIC SCENARIO 64
TABLE 5 FORKLIFT MARKET (PESSIMISTIC SCENARIO), BY REGION, 2019–2027 (USD MILLION) 65
5.3.3 OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO 65
TABLE 6 FORKLIFT MARKET (OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO), BY REGION, 2019–2027 (USD MILLION) 65
5.4 PRICING ANALYSIS 66
5.4.1 BY EQUIPMENT TYPE AND REGION 66
TABLE 7 AVERAGE PRICES OF FORKLIFTS, BY REGION AND EQUIPMENT TYPE, 2020–2021 66
5.5 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 67
FIGURE 30 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS: PRESENCE OF ESTABLISHED GLOBAL PLAYERS INCREASES DEGREE OF COMPETITION 67
5.5.1 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 67
TABLE 8 PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS 67
5.5.2 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES 68
5.5.3 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS 68
5.5.4 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS 68
5.5.5 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS 68
5.5.6 INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 68
5.6 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING FORKLIFT MANUFACTURERS 69
FIGURE 31 TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING FORKLIFT MANUFACTURERS 69
5.7 CASE STUDY 69
5.7.1 USE CASE 1: KELLOGG’S MANCHESTER SITE 69
5.7.2 USE CASE 2: PANASONIC ENERGY BELGIUM NV 70
5.7.3 USE CASE 3: IMPLEMENTING DEMATIC’S AUTONOMOUS FORKLIFT TO REDUCE DELIVERY TIME AT L’ORÉAL 70
5.7.4 USE CASE 4: AER MANUFACTURING 70
5.7.5 USE CASE 5: CWT COMMODITIES 71
5.7.6 USE CASE 6: MONTGOMERY WATERS 71
5.7.7 USE CASE 7: OXFORD COLD STORAGE 71
5.8 FORKLIFT MARKET ECOSYSTEM 72
TABLE 9 FORKLIFT MARKET: ROLE OF COMPANIES IN ECOSYSTEM 72
5.9 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS 73
FIGURE 32 SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS: FORKLIFT MARKET 73
5.10 PATENT ANALYSIS 74
TABLE 10 PATENT ANALYSIS 74
5.11 TRADE STATISTICS 81
5.11.1 IMPORT TRADE DATA 81
TABLE 11 IMPORT TRADE DATA, BY KEY COUNTRY, 2021 (USD) 81
5.11.2 EXPORT TRADE DATA 81
TABLE 12 EXPORT TRADE DATA, BY KEY COUNTRY, 2021 (USD) 81
5.11.3 EXPORT SCENARIO 82
FIGURE 33 FORKLIFT EXPORT, BY KEY COUNTRY, 2018–2021 (USD) 82
5.11.4 IMPORT SCENARIO 83
FIGURE 34 FORKLIFT IMPORT, BY KEY COUNTRY, 2018–2021 (USD) 83
5.12 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 84
5.12.1 REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 84
TABLE 13 NORTH AMERICA: LIST OF REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 84
TABLE 14 EUROPE: LIST OF REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 86
TABLE 15 ASIA PACIFIC: LIST OF REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 87
5.12.2 REGULATORY ANALYSIS 88
TABLE 16 VARIOUS FORKLIFT EMISSION NORMS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES 88
5.12.2.1 North America 88
5.12.2.1.1 US 88
TABLE 17 US: TIER 4 EMISSION STANDARDS 88
5.12.2.2 Europe 89
TABLE 18 EUROPEAN UNION: STAGE V EMISSION STANDARDS 89
5.12.2.3 Asia 90
5.12.2.3.1 China 90
TABLE 19 CHINA: CHINA IV EMISSION STANDARDS 90
5.12.2.3.2 India 90
TABLE 20 INDIA: BS IV EMISSION STANDARDS 90
TABLE 21 INDIA: BS V EMISSION STANDARDS 91
5.13 TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS 91
5.13.1 SUSTAINABLE FORKLIFT TECHNOLOGIES 91
5.13.2 SMART BRAKING TECHNOLOGY FOR FORKLIFTS 91
5.13.3 DIGITALLY CONNECTED DIAGNOSIS AND MONITORING 91
5.13.4 INDUSTRY 4.0 92
5.13.5 5G CONNECTIVITY 92
5.13.6 PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS 92
5.13.7 MACHINE LEARNING (ML) 92
5.14 KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS IN 2022–2023 93
TABLE 22 FORKLIFT MARKET: DETAILED LIST OF CONFERENCES AND EVENTS 93
5.15 KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA 94
5.15.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS 94
FIGURE 35 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS, BY APPLICATION 94
TABLE 23 INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS FOR TOP THREE APPLICATIONS (%) 94
5.15.2 BUYING CRITERIA 95
FIGURE 36 KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR MANUAL AND AUTONOMOUS FORKLIFTS 95
TABLE 24 KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR MANUAL AND AUTONOMOUS FORKLIFTS 95
6 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY PROPULSION 96
Note: The market size and forecast of each propulsion type is further segmented into regions – Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and Rest of the World
6.1 INTRODUCTION 97
6.1.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 97
6.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 97
6.1.3 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 97
FIGURE 37 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY PROPULSION, 2022 VS. 2027 (USD MILLION) 98
TABLE 25 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY PROPULSION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 98
TABLE 26 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY PROPULSION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 98
TABLE 27 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY PROPULSION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 98
TABLE 28 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY PROPULSION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 99
6.2 ELECTRIC 99
6.2.1 FOCUS ON ZERO-EMISSION WORKING ENVIRONMENT TO DRIVE DEMAND 99
TABLE 29 ELECTRIC: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 99
TABLE 30 ELECTRIC: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 100
TABLE 31 ELECTRIC: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 100
TABLE 32 ELECTRIC: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 100
6.3 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (ICE) 101
6.3.1 INCREASE IN HEAVY-DUTY OPERATIONS TO DRIVE DEMAND 101
6.3.2 GASOLINE 101
6.3.3 DIESEL 101
6.3.4 ALTERNATE FUELS 101
TABLE 33 ICE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 102
TABLE 34 ICE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 102
TABLE 35 ICE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 102
TABLE 36 ICE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 103
7 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY TONNAGE CAPACITY 104
Note: The market size and forecast of each tonnage capacity forklift is further segmented into regions – Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and Rest of the World
7.1 INTRODUCTION 105
7.1.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 105
7.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 105
7.1.3 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 105
FIGURE 38 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY TONNAGE CAPACITY, 2022 VS. 2027 (USD MILLION) 106
TABLE 37 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY TONNAGE CAPACITY, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 106
TABLE 38 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY TONNAGE CAPACITY, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 106
TABLE 39 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY TONNAGE CAPACITY, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 107
TABLE 40 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY TONNAGE CAPACITY, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 107
7.2 BELOW 5 TONS 107
7.2.1 EASY OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY IN COMPACT WAREHOUSES TO DRIVE DEMAND 107
TABLE 41 BELOW 5 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 108
TABLE 42 BELOW 5 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 108
TABLE 43 BELOW 5 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 108
TABLE 44 BELOW 5 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 108
7.3 5–10 TONS 109
7.3.1 GROWING ELECTRIC INFRASTRUCTURE TO DRIVE DEMAND 109
TABLE 45 5–10 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 109
TABLE 46 5–10 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 109
TABLE 47 5–10 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 110
TABLE 48 5–10 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 110
7.4 11–36 TONS 110
7.4.1 USAGE IN HEAVY-DUTY OPERATIONS TO DRIVE DEMAND 110
TABLE 49 11–36 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 111
TABLE 50 11–36 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 111
TABLE 51 11–36 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 111
TABLE 52 11–36 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 111
7.5 ABOVE 36 TONS 112
7.5.1 MASSIVE MATERIAL HANDLING OPERATIONS DEMAND FORKLIFTS WITH CAPACITY ABOVE 36 TONS 112
TABLE 53 ABOVE 36 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 112
TABLE 54 ABOVE 36 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 112
TABLE 55 ABOVE 36 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 113
TABLE 56 ABOVE 36 TONS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 113
8 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY 114
Note: The market size and forecast of each industry is further segmented into regions – Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and Rest of the World
8.1 INTRODUCTION 115
8.1.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 115
8.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 115
8.1.3 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 116
FIGURE 39 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022 VS. 2027 (USD MILLION) 116
TABLE 57 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 117
TABLE 58 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 117
TABLE 59 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 118
TABLE 60 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY END-USE INDUSTRY, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 118
8.2 THIRD-PARTY LOGISTICS (3PL) 119
8.2.1 NEED FOR SAFE AND SPEEDY STORAGE TO DRIVE DEMAND 119
TABLE 61 THIRD-PARTY LOGISTICS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 119
TABLE 62 THIRD-PARTY LOGISTICS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 119
TABLE 63 THIRD-PARTY LOGISTICS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 120
TABLE 64 THIRD-PARTY LOGISTICS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 120
8.3 FOOD AND BEVERAGE 120
8.3.1 NEED TO REDUCE OPERATIONAL COSTS TO DRIVE DEMAND 120
TABLE 65 FOOD AND BEVERAGE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 121
TABLE 66 FOOD AND BEVERAGE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 121
TABLE 67 FOOD AND BEVERAGE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 121
TABLE 68 FOOD AND BEVERAGE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 122
8.4 AUTOMOTIVE 122
8.4.1 NEED FOR EFFICIENT INVENTORY MANAGEMENT TO DRIVE DEMAND 122
TABLE 69 AUTOMOTIVE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 122
TABLE 70 AUTOMOTIVE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 123
TABLE 71 AUTOMOTIVE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 123
TABLE 72 AUTOMOTIVE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 123
8.5 E-COMMERCE 124
8.5.1 NEED TO OPTIMIZE WAREHOUSING OPERATIONS TO DRIVE DEMAND 124
TABLE 73 E-COMMERCE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 124
TABLE 74 E-COMMERCE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 124
TABLE 75 E-COMMERCE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 125
TABLE 76 E-COMMERCE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 125
8.6 AVIATION 125
8.6.1 INCREASING MANUFACTURING AND ASSEMBLY OPERATIONS TO DRIVE DEMAND 125
TABLE 77 AVIATION: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 126
TABLE 78 AVIATION: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 126
TABLE 79 AVIATION: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 126
TABLE 80 AVIATION: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 126
8.7 PAPER AND PULP 127
8.7.1 NEED FOR REMOVAL OF BOTTLENECKS TO DRIVE DEMAND 127
TABLE 81 PAPER AND PULP: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 127
TABLE 82 PAPER AND PULP: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 127
TABLE 83 PAPER AND PULP: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 128
TABLE 84 PAPER AND PULP: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 128
8.8 CHEMICAL 128
8.8.1 NEED TO ENSURE WORKPLACE SAFETY OF EMPLOYEES AND MANAGE WORKFLOW EFFECTIVELY TO DRIVE DEMAND 128
TABLE 85 CHEMICAL: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 129
TABLE 86 CHEMICAL: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 129
TABLE 87 CHEMICAL: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 129
TABLE 88 CHEMICAL: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 129
8.9 HEALTHCARE 130
8.9.1 INCREASING NEED FOR AUTOMATED WAREHOUSING OPERATIONS TO DRIVE DEMAND 130
TABLE 89 HEALTHCARE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 130
TABLE 90 HEALTHCARE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 131
TABLE 91 HEALTHCARE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 131
TABLE 92 HEALTHCARE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 131
8.10 SEMICONDUCTORS AND ELECTRONICS 132
8.10.1 NEED FOR CLEANROOM WAREHOUSING PROCESS TO DRIVE DEMAND 132
TABLE 93 SEMICONDUCTORS AND ELECTRONICS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 132
TABLE 94 SEMICONDUCTORS AND ELECTRONICS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 132
TABLE 95 SEMICONDUCTORS AND ELECTRONICS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 133
TABLE 96 SEMICONDUCTORS AND ELECTRONICS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 133
8.11 METALS AND HEAVY MACHINERY 134
8.11.1 NEED FOR EFFICIENT OPERATIONS TO DRIVE DEMAND 134
TABLE 97 METALS AND HEAVY MACHINERY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 134
TABLE 98 METALS AND HEAVY MACHINERY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 134
TABLE 99 METALS AND HEAVY MACHINERY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 134
TABLE 100 METALS AND HEAVY MACHINERY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 135
8.12 OTHERS 135
TABLE 101 OTHERS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 136
TABLE 102 OTHERS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 136
TABLE 103 OTHERS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 136
TABLE 104 OTHERS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 137
9 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS 138
Note: The market size and forecast of each class is further segmented into regions – Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and Rest of the World
9.1 INTRODUCTION 139
TABLE 105 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS 139
9.1.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 139
9.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 139
9.1.3 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 140
FIGURE 40 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022 VS. 2027 (UNITS) 140
TABLE 106 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 140
TABLE 107 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 140
9.2 CLASS 1 141
9.2.1 INCREASING DEMAND FOR BATTERY ELECTRIC FORKLIFTS TO DRIVE MARKET 141
TABLE 108 CLASS 1: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 141
TABLE 109 CLASS 1: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 141
9.3 CLASS 2 142
9.3.1 GROWING DEMAND FOR MORE STORAGE IN WAREHOUSES TO DRIVE ADOPTION OF NARROW AISLE FORKLIFTS 142
TABLE 110 CLASS 2: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 142
TABLE 111 CLASS 2: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 142
9.4 CLASS 3 143
9.4.1 USAGE IN MOVING LOADS TO STAGING AREA TO DRIVE DEMAND 143
TABLE 112 CLASS 3: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 143
TABLE 113 CLASS 3: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 143
9.5 CLASS 4/5 144
9.5.1 INCREASING NEED FOR ICE ENGINE FORKLIFTS TO DRIVE DEMAND 144
TABLE 114 CLASS 4/5: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 144
TABLE 115 CLASS 4/5: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 144
10 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION 145
Note: The market size and forecast of each operation is further segmented into regions – Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and Rest of the World
10.1 INTRODUCTION 146
10.1.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 146
10.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 146
FIGURE 41 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022 VS. 2027 (USD MILLION) 147
TABLE 116 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 147
TABLE 117 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 147
TABLE 118 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 147
TABLE 119 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 148
10.2 MANUAL 148
10.2.1 LOW INITIAL COST AND EASE OF INTEGRATION TO DRIVE DEMAND 148
TABLE 120 MANUAL: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 148
TABLE 121 MANUAL: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 149
TABLE 122 MANUAL: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 149
TABLE 123 MANUAL: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 149
10.3 AUTONOMOUS 150
10.3.1 GROWING FOCUS ON AUTOMATION IN INDUSTRIES FOR INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY TO DRIVE DEMAND 150
TABLE 124 AUTONOMOUS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 150
TABLE 125 AUTONOMOUS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 150
TABLE 126 AUTONOMOUS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 151
TABLE 127 AUTONOMOUS: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 151
11 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY APPLICATION 152
Note: The market size and forecast of each application is further segmented into regions – Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and Rest of the World
11.1 INTRODUCTION 153
11.1.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 153
11.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 153
11.1.3 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 154
FIGURE 42 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022 VS. 2027 (USD MILLION) 154
TABLE 128 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 154
TABLE 129 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 154
TABLE 130 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 155
TABLE 131 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 155
11.2 INDOOR 155
11.2.1 GROWTH OF GLOBAL E-COMMERCE INDUSTRY TO DRIVE DEMAND 155
TABLE 132 INDOOR: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 156
TABLE 133 INDOOR: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 156
TABLE 134 INDOOR: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 156
TABLE 135 INDOOR: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 156
11.3 OUTDOOR 157
11.3.1 GROWING NEED FOR FORKLIFTS TO OPERATE IN ROUGH TERRAINS TO DRIVE DEMAND 157
TABLE 136 OUTDOOR: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 157
TABLE 137 OUTDOOR: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 158
TABLE 138 OUTDOOR: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 158
TABLE 139 OUTDOOR: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 158
11.4 INDOOR AND OUTDOOR 159
11.4.1 INCREASING NEED FOR FORKLIFTS THAT CAN BE USED FOR DUAL PURPOSES TO DRIVE DEMAND 159
TABLE 140 INDOOR AND OUTDOOR: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 159
TABLE 141 INDOOR AND OUTDOOR: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 159
TABLE 142 INDOOR AND OUTDOOR: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 159
TABLE 143 INDOOR AND OUTDOOR: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 160
12 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE 161
Note: The market size and forecast of each battery type is further segmented into regions – Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and Rest of the World
12.1 INTRODUCTION 162
12.1.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 162
12.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 162
12.1.3 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 162
FIGURE 43 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2022 VS. 2027 (USD MILLION) 163
TABLE 144 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 163
TABLE 145 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 163
TABLE 146 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 163
TABLE 147 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY BATTERY TYPE, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 164
12.2 LITHIUM-ION 164
12.2.1 HIGH ENERGY DENSITY AND LONGER BATTERY BACKUP OVER OTHER BATTERIES TO DRIVE DEMAND 164
TABLE 148 LITHIUM-ION: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 164
TABLE 149 LITHIUM-ION: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 165
TABLE 150 LITHIUM-ION: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 165
TABLE 151 LITHIUM-ION: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 165
12.3 LEAD-ACID 166
12.3.1 LARGE CURRENT CAPABILITY, HIGH TOLERANCE FOR OVERCHARGING, AND LOW MANUFACTURING COST TO DRIVE DEMAND 166
TABLE 152 LEAD-ACID: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 166
TABLE 153 LEAD-ACID: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 166
TABLE 154 LEAD-ACID: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 166
TABLE 155 LEAD-ACID: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 167
13 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY TIRE TYPE 168
Note: The market size and forecast of each tire type is further segmented into regions – Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and Rest of the World
13.1 INTRODUCTION 169
13.1.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 169
13.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 169
13.1.3 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 170
FIGURE 44 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY TIRE TYPE, 2022 VS. 2027 (USD MILLION) 170
TABLE 156 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY TIRE TYPE, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 170
TABLE 157 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY TIRE TYPE, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 170
TABLE 158 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY TIRE TYPE, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 171
TABLE 159 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY TIRE TYPE, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 171
13.2 CUSHION 171
13.2.1 GROWTH OF GLOBAL WAREHOUSING INDUSTRY TO DRIVE DEMAND 171
TABLE 160 CUSHION: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 171
TABLE 161 CUSHION: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 172
TABLE 162 CUSHION: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 172
TABLE 163 CUSHION: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 172
13.3 PNEUMATIC 173
13.3.1 INCREASING USE OF FORKLIFTS IN OUTDOOR APPLICATIONS TO DRIVE DEMAND 173
TABLE 164 PNEUMATIC: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 173
TABLE 165 PNEUMATIC: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 173
TABLE 166 PNEUMATIC: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 174
TABLE 167 PNEUMATIC: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 174
14 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE 175
Note: The market size and forecast of each product type is further segmented into regions – Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, and Rest of the World
14.1 INTRODUCTION 176
14.1.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 176
14.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 176
14.1.3 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 176
FIGURE 45 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2022 VS. 2027 (UNITS) 177
TABLE 168 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 177
TABLE 169 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY PRODUCT TYPE, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 177
14.2 WAREHOUSE 178
14.2.1 ABILITY TO MANEUVER IN NARROW SPACES IN WAREHOUSES TO DRIVE DEMAND 178
TABLE 170 WAREHOUSE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 178
TABLE 171 WAREHOUSE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 178
14.3 COUNTERBALANCE 179
14.3.1 GROWING NEED FOR STABLE HEAVY MATERIAL HANDLING OPERATIONS TO DRIVE DEMAND 179
TABLE 172 COUNTERBALANCE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 179
TABLE 173 COUNTERBALANCE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 179
15 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION 180
Note: The market size and forecast of each country is further segmented into forklift operation and class– Manual and Autonomous, and Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, and Class 4/5.
15.1 INTRODUCTION 181
15.1.1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 181
15.1.2 ASSUMPTIONS 182
15.1.3 INDUSTRY INSIGHTS 183
FIGURE 46 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022 VS. 2027 (USD MILLION) 183
TABLE 174 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 184
TABLE 175 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 184
TABLE 176 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 184
TABLE 177 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 185
15.2 ASIA PACIFIC 185
FIGURE 47 ASIA PACIFIC: FORKLIFT MARKET SNAPSHOT 186
TABLE 178 ASIA PACIFIC: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 186
TABLE 179 ASIA PACIFIC: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 187
TABLE 180 ASIA PACIFIC: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 187
TABLE 181 ASIA PACIFIC: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 187
15.2.1 CHINA 188
15.2.1.1 Growth of industrial sector to drive market growth 188
TABLE 182 CHINA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 188
TABLE 183 CHINA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 188
TABLE 184 CHINA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 189
TABLE 185 CHINA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 189
TABLE 186 CHINA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 189
TABLE 187 CHINA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 189
15.2.2 INDIA 190
15.2.2.1 Growth of automotive and e-commerce sectors to drive market 190
TABLE 188 INDIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 190
TABLE 189 INDIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 190
TABLE 190 INDIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 191
TABLE 191 INDIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 191
TABLE 192 INDIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 191
TABLE 193 INDIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 191
15.2.3 JAPAN 192
15.2.3.1 Growth of automation technologies to drive market 192
TABLE 194 JAPAN: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 192
TABLE 195 JAPAN: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 192
TABLE 196 JAPAN: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 192
TABLE 197 JAPAN: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 193
TABLE 198 JAPAN: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 193
TABLE 199 JAPAN: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 193
15.2.4 SOUTH KOREA 193
15.2.4.1 Demand for increased efficiency to drive market growth 193
TABLE 200 SOUTH KOREA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 194
TABLE 201 SOUTH KOREA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 194
TABLE 202 SOUTH KOREA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 194
TABLE 203 SOUTH KOREA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 194
TABLE 204 SOUTH KOREA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 195
TABLE 205 SOUTH KOREA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 195
15.3 EUROPE 195
FIGURE 48 EUROPE: FORKLIFT MARKET SNAPSHOT 196
TABLE 206 EUROPE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 196
TABLE 207 EUROPE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 197
TABLE 208 EUROPE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 197
TABLE 209 EUROPE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 197
15.3.1 GERMANY 198
15.3.1.1 High-volume logistics sector to drive market growth 198
TABLE 210 GERMANY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 198
TABLE 211 GERMANY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 199
TABLE 212 GERMANY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 199
TABLE 213 GERMANY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 199
TABLE 214 GERMANY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 199
TABLE 215 GERMANY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 200
15.3.2 UK 200
15.3.2.1 Increasing need for efficient material handling operations in automotive sector to drive market 200
TABLE 216 UK: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 200
TABLE 217 UK: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 201
TABLE 218 UK: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 201
TABLE 219 UK: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 201
TABLE 220 UK: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 201
TABLE 221 UK: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 202
15.3.3 FRANCE 202
15.3.3.1 Need for material handling equipment in growing industrial sectors to drive market 202
TABLE 222 FRANCE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 202
TABLE 223 FRANCE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 203
TABLE 224 FRANCE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 203
TABLE 225 FRANCE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 203
TABLE 226 FRANCE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 203
TABLE 227 FRANCE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 204
15.3.4 ITALY 204
15.3.4.1 Thriving e-commerce sector to drive market growth 204
TABLE 228 ITALY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 204
TABLE 229 ITALY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 204
TABLE 230 ITALY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 205
TABLE 231 ITALY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 205
TABLE 232 ITALY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 205
TABLE 233 ITALY: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 205
15.3.5 SPAIN 206
15.3.5.1 Strategic location for logistics and warehousing to drive market 206
TABLE 234 SPAIN: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 206
TABLE 235 SPAIN: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 206
TABLE 236 SPAIN: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 206
TABLE 237 SPAIN: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 207
TABLE 238 SPAIN: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 207
TABLE 239 SPAIN: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 207
15.3.6 RUSSIA 207
15.3.6.1 Expansion of warehouses to drive market growth 207
TABLE 240 RUSSIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 208
TABLE 241 RUSSIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 208
TABLE 242 RUSSIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 208
TABLE 243 RUSSIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 208
TABLE 244 RUSSIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 209
TABLE 245 RUSSIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 209
15.3.7 REST OF EUROPE 209
TABLE 246 REST OF EUROPE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 210
TABLE 247 REST OF EUROPE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 210
TABLE 248 REST OF EUROPE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 210
TABLE 249 REST OF EUROPE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 210
TABLE 250 REST OF EUROPE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 211
TABLE 251 REST OF EUROPE: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 211
15.4 NORTH AMERICA 211
FIGURE 49 NORTH AMERICA: FORKLIFT MARKET SNAPSHOT 212
TABLE 252 NORTH AMERICA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 212
TABLE 253 NORTH AMERICA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 213
TABLE 254 NORTH AMERICA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 213
TABLE 255 NORTH AMERICA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 213
15.4.1 US 214
15.4.1.1 Inclination toward automation process to drive market growth 214
TABLE 256 US: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 214
TABLE 257 US: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 214
TABLE 258 US: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 215
TABLE 259 US: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 215
TABLE 260 US: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 215
TABLE 261 US: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 215
15.4.2 MEXICO 216
15.4.2.1 Growth of foreign manufacturing units to drive market 216
TABLE 262 MEXICO: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 216
TABLE 263 MEXICO: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 216
TABLE 264 MEXICO: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 217
TABLE 265 MEXICO: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 217
TABLE 266 MEXICO: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 217
TABLE 267 MEXICO: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 217
15.4.3 CANADA 218
15.4.3.1 Growing export infrastructure to drive market 218
TABLE 268 CANADA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 218
TABLE 269 CANADA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 218
TABLE 270 CANADA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 218
TABLE 271 CANADA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 219
TABLE 272 CANADA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 219
TABLE 273 CANADA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 219
15.5 REST OF THE WORLD (ROW) 220
FIGURE 50 ROW: FORKLIFT MARKET, 2022 VS. 2027 (USD MILLION) 220
TABLE 274 ROW: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 220
TABLE 275 ROW: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 220
TABLE 276 ROW: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 221
TABLE 277 ROW: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 221
15.5.1 AFRICA 221
15.5.1.1 Expansion of warehouses due to growing export activities to drive demand 221
TABLE 278 AFRICA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 222
TABLE 279 AFRICA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 222
TABLE 280 AFRICA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 222
TABLE 281 AFRICA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 222
TABLE 282 AFRICA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 223
TABLE 283 AFRICA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 223
15.5.2 AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA 223
15.5.2.1 Growing industrial activities to drive market 223
TABLE 284 AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 224
TABLE 285 AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY CLASS, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 224
TABLE 286 AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (UNITS) 224
TABLE 287 AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (UNITS) 224
TABLE 288 AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2019–2021 (USD MILLION) 225
TABLE 289 AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA: FORKLIFT MARKET, BY OPERATION, 2022–2027 (USD MILLION) 225
16 RECOMMENDATIONS 226
16.1 ASIA PACIFIC TO DOMINATE FORKLIFT MARKET 226
16.2 E-COMMERCE EXPECTED TO BE KEY FOCUS FOR MANUFACTURERS 226
16.3 CONCLUSION 226
17 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE 227
17.1 OVERVIEW 227
17.2 FORKLIFT MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2021 227
TABLE 290 MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS FOR FORKLIFT MARKET, 2021 227
FIGURE 51 FORKLIFT MARKET SHARE, 2021 228
17.3 REVENUE ANALYSIS OF TOP LISTED/PUBLIC PLAYERS 228
FIGURE 52 REVENUE ANALYSIS OF TOP PLAYERS 228
17.4 COMPETITIVE EVALUATION QUADRANT 230
17.4.1 TERMINOLOGY 230
17.4.2 STAR 230
17.4.3 EMERGING LEADERS 230
17.4.4 PERVASIVE 230
17.4.5 PARTICIPANTS 231
FIGURE 53 FORKLIFT MANUFACTURERS: COMPETITIVE EVALUATION MATRIX, 2021 231
17.5 FORKLIFT MARKET: COMPANY FOOTPRINT 232
TABLE 291 FORKLIFT MARKET: COMPANY FOOTPRINT, 2021 232
TABLE 292 FORKLIFT MARKET: PRODUCT FOOTPRINT OF COMPANIES, 2021 233
TABLE 293 FORKLIFT MARKET: REGIONAL FOOTPRINT OF COMPANIES, 2021 234
17.6 COMPETITIVE SCENARIO 235
17.6.1 PRODUCT LAUNCHES 235
TABLE 294 PRODUCT LAUNCHES 235
17.6.2 DEALS 236
TABLE 295 DEALS 236
17.6.3 EXPANSIONS 237
TABLE 296 EXPANSIONS 237
17.7 KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN 238
TABLE 297 COMPANIES ADOPTED NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS AND EXPANSIONS AS KEY GROWTH STRATEGIES 238
18 COMPANY PROFILES 240
Note: The Business Overview, Products Offered, and Recent Developments are covered for Top 10 Forklift Market players.
MnM View is covered for first 5 Forklift Market players
Profiles of ‘Additional players’ cover Business Overview, Products Offered and Company’s Regional Presence
18.1 KEY PLAYERS 240
18.1.1 TOYOTA INDUSTRIES CORPORATION 240
TABLE 298 TOYOTA INDUSTRIES CORPORATION: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 240
FIGURE 54 TOYOTA INDUSTRIES CORPORATION: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 241
TABLE 299 TOYOTA INDUSTRIES CORPORATION: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS 243
TABLE 300 TOYOTA INDUSTRIES CORPORATION: DEALS 244
18.1.2 KION GROUP AG 246
TABLE 301 KION GROUP AG: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 246
FIGURE 55 KION GROUP AG: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 246
TABLE 302 KION GROUP AG: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS 248
TABLE 303 KION GROUP AG: DEALS 248
TABLE 304 KION GROUP AG: EXPANSIONS 249
18.1.3 MITSUBISHI LOGISNEXT CO. LTD. 250
TABLE 305 MITSUBISHI LOGISNEXT CO. LTD.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 250
FIGURE 56 MITSUBISHI LOGISNEXT CO. LTD.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 251
18.1.4 JUNGHEINRICH AG 254
TABLE 306 JUNGHEINRICH AG: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 254
FIGURE 57 JUNGHEINRICH AG: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 254
TABLE 307 JUNGHEINRICH AG: DEALS 256
TABLE 308 JUNGHEINRICH AG: EXPANSIONS 256
18.1.5 HYSTER-YALE MATERIALS HANDLING 258
TABLE 309 HYSTER-YALE MATERIALS HANDLING: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 258
FIGURE 58 HYSTER-YALE MATERIALS HANDLING: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 258
TABLE 310 HYSTER-YALE MATERIALS HANDLING: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 260
18.1.6 CLARK MATERIAL HANDLING COMPANY (CMHC) 262
TABLE 311 CLARK MATERIAL HANDLING COMPANY (CMHC): BUSINESS OVERVIEW 262
TABLE 312 CLARK MATERIAL HANDLING COMPANY: DEALS 263
TABLE 313 CLARK MATERIAL HANDLING COMPANY: EXPANSIONS 263
TABLE 314 CLARK MATERIAL HANDLING COMPANY: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS 264
18.1.7 HYUNDAI CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT CO., LTD. 265
TABLE 315 HYUNDAI CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT CO., LTD.: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 265
FIGURE 59 HYUNDAI CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT CO., LTD.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 265
18.1.8 KOMATSU 267
TABLE 316 KOMATSU: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 267
FIGURE 60 KOMATSU: COMPANY SNAPSHOT 267
TABLE 317 KOMATSU: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS 268
18.1.9 KALMAR 269
TABLE 318 KALMAR: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 269
TABLE 319 KALMAR: DEALS 270
TABLE 320 KALMAR: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS 270
18.1.10 CAT LIFT TRUCKS 271
TABLE 321 CAT LIFT TRUCKS: BUSINESS OVERVIEW 271
TABLE 322 CAT LIFT TRUCKS: NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS 272
*Details on Business overview, Products offered, Recent developments & MnM View might not be captured in case of unlisted companies.
18.2 ADDITIONAL PLAYERS 273
18.2.1 ANHUI HELI CO., LTD. 273
TABLE 323 ANHUI HELI CO., LTD.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 273
18.2.2 CROWN EQUIPMENT CORPORATION 274
TABLE 324 CROWN EQUIPMENT CORPORATION: COMPANY OVERVIEW 274
18.2.3 DOOSAN INDUSTRIAL VEHICLE 275
TABLE 325 DOOSAN INDUSTRIAL VEHICLE: COMPANY OVERVIEW 275
18.2.4 GODREJ MATERIAL HANDLING (GODREJ & BOYCE MANUFACTURING CO. LTD.) 276
TABLE 326 GODREJ MATERIAL HANDLING (GODREJ & BOYCE MANUFACTURING CO. LTD.): COMPANY OVERVIEW 276
18.2.5 EP EQUIPMENT 277
TABLE 327 EP EQUIPMENT: COMPANY OVERVIEW 277
18.2.6 LONKING MACHINERY CO., LTD. 278
TABLE 328 LONKING MACHINERY CO., LTD.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 278
18.2.7 LINDE MATERIAL HANDLING 279
TABLE 329 LINDE MATERIAL HANDLING: COMPANY OVERVIEW 279
18.2.8 BOBCAT COMPANY 280
TABLE 330 BOBCAT COMPANY: COMPANY OVERVIEW 280
18.2.9 HANGCHA 280
TABLE 331 HANGCHA: COMPANY OVERVIEW 280
18.2.10 KONECRANES 281
TABLE 332 KONECRANES: COMPANY OVERVIEW 281
18.2.11 COMBILIFT 282
TABLE 333 COMBILIFT: COMPANY OVERVIEW 282
18.2.12 VALLÉE 283
TABLE 334 VALLÉE: COMPANY OVERVIEW 283
18.2.13 NARROW AISLE INC. 283
TABLE 335 NARROW AISLE INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW 283
18.2.14 MANITOU GROUP 284
TABLE 336 MANITOU GROUP: COMPANY OVERVIEW 284
18.2.15 HOIST MATERIAL HANDLING 285
TABLE 337 HOIST MATERIAL HANDLING: COMPANY OVERVIEW 285
19 APPENDIX 286
19.1 INSIGHTS OF INDUSTRY EXPERTS 286
19.2 DISCUSSION GUIDE 286
19.3 KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL 289
19.4 AVAILABLE CUSTOMIZATIONS 291
19.4.1 FORKLIFT MARKET, BY TONNAGE CAPACITY AND COUNTRY 291
19.4.1.1 Asia Pacific 291
19.4.1.1.1 China 291
19.4.1.1.2 Japan 291
19.4.1.1.3 South Korea 291
19.4.1.1.4 India 291
19.4.1.2 Europe 291
19.4.1.2.1 Germany 291
19.4.1.2.2 France 291
19.4.1.2.3 UK 291
19.4.1.2.4 Italy 291
19.4.1.2.5 Spain 291
19.4.1.2.6 Russia 291
19.4.1.3 North America 291
19.4.1.3.1 US 291
19.4.1.3.2 Canada 291
19.4.1.3.3 Mexico 291
19.4.1.4 Rest of the World 291
19.4.1.4.1 Africa 291
19.4.1.4.2 Australia and Oceania 291
19.5 RELATED REPORTS 292
19.6 AUTHOR DETAILS 293