双方向充電市場規模、シェア、動向、2035年までの世界予測

Bidirectional Charging Market - Global Forecast to 2035

Bidirectional Charging Market by Application (V2G, V2H, V2L), Propulsion Type (BEV and PHEV), Vehicle Type (Passenger Car and Light Commercial Vehicle), Charging Type (AC Charging and DC Charging), End Use, and Region - Global Forecast to 2035

商品番号 : SMB-89281

出版社MarketsandMarkets
出版年月2025年10月
ページ数264
図表数322
価格タイプシングルユーザライセンス
価格USD 4,950
種別英文調査報告書

双方向充電市場 – 用途(V2G、V2H、V2L)、推進タイプ(BEVおよびPHEV)、車両タイプ(乗用車および小型商用車)、充電タイプ(AC充電およびDC充電)、最終用途、および地域別 – 2035年までの世界予測

世界の双方向充電市場は、2025年の7,000万米ドルから2035年には8億4,410万米ドルに拡大し、年平均成長率(CAGR)28.3%で成長すると予測されています。双方向充電の需要は、エネルギーコストの低減、家庭用バックアップ電源の信頼性向上、そして電力系統の安定性向上によって牽引されています。V2H(Vehicle-to-House)機能により、EVは家庭に電力を供給し、ピーク負荷管理をサポートします。V2Gの普及が進むと、消費者はエネルギー裁定取引やバックアップ電源の活用による潜在的な節約効果を実感できると期待されます。規制当局によるインセンティブとスマートグリッドへの取り組みは、V2Gの普及をさらに加速させるでしょう。

双方向充電需要を牽引する主要な技術開発には、効率的なエネルギーフローを実現する先進的なパワーエレクトロニクス、大容量・急速充電可能なEVバッテリー、そしてリアルタイムのグリッド連携を実現するスマートエネルギー管理システムなどが挙げられます。車両とグリッド間の通信プロトコルの標準化が進み、シームレスな統合が可能になっています。インバータ技術の改良により、エネルギー輸出時の損失が低減します。主要な先進エレクトロニクスには、シームレスな双方向電力フローを管理する高効率双方向DC-DCコンバータとインバータがあり、これらはグリッド同期とエネルギー最適化のためのスマート制御システムによって支えられています。充電器とバッテリーのコスト削減、そしてエネルギー裁定取引の機会により、双方向ソリューションは商業的に実現可能になると期待されています。

本調査は、双方向充電市場を、充電タイプ(AC充電およびDC充電)、用途(V2G、V2H、V2L)、車両タイプ(乗用車およびLCV)、駆動方式(BEVおよびPHEV)、および最終用途(住宅、商用車、公共/準公共事業の充電)別に分析しています。また、双方向充電市場エコシステムにおける主要プレーヤーの競争環境と企業プロファイルも網羅しています。

この調査には、市場の主要プレーヤーの詳細な競合分析、各社のプロフィール、製品およびビジネス提供に関する主要な観察、最近の動向、主要な市場戦略も含まれています。

このレポートでは、以下の点について詳しく説明します。

  • 双方向充電市場の成長に影響を与える主な推進要因(双方向充電可能な車両モデルの利用可能性の向上、排出ガスゼロで安全な電気自動車に対する政府の強力なサポート、バッテリー コストの低下による EV の購入しやすさと所有経済の強化)、制約要因(双方向充電可能な車両モデルの利用可能性の向上、排出ガスゼロで安全な電気自動車に対する政府の強力なサポート、バッテリー コストの低下による EV の購入しやすさと所有経済の強化)、機会(双方向充電可能な車両モデルの利用可能性の向上、排出ガスゼロで安全な電気自動車に対する政府の強力なサポート、バッテリー コストの低下による EV の購入しやすさと所有経済の強化)、および課題(世界的な規制の不一致と断片化されたインセンティブ資格)を分析します。
  • 製品開発/イノベーション:双方向充電市場における今後の技術、研究開発活動、新製品発売に関する詳細な洞察。 市場開発:収益性の高い市場に関する包括的な情報。本レポートでは、様々な地域における双方向充電市場を分析しています。
  • 市場多様化:双方向充電市場における新製品、未開拓地域、最近の動向、投資に関する包括的な情報。
  • 競合評価:双方向充電市場における主要企業(Wallbox Chargers(スペイン)、NUVVE Holding Corp(米国)、Siemens(ドイツ)、ABB(スイス)、Zaptec AS(ノルウェー)など)の市場シェア、成長戦略、サービス提供に関する詳細な評価。
  • MarketsandMarketsインサイト:双方向充電器の需要は、EV普及の増加、系統安定性のニーズ、再生可能エネルギーとの統合、そして効率的なエネルギーフローを可能にするスマートエネルギー管理とインバータ技術の進歩によって牽引されるでしょう。

Report Description

The global bidirectional charging market is projected to rise from USD 70.0 million in 2025 to USD 844.1 million by 2035, at a CAGR of 28.3%. Demand for bidirectional charging is driven by lower energy costs, reliable home backup power, and enhanced grid stability. Vehicle-to-House capabilities allow EVs to feed energy back to homes, supporting peak load management. Once V2G adoption increases, consumers are expected to see potential savings through energy arbitrage and backup power. Regulatory incentives and smart grid initiatives will further accelerate adoption.

双方向充電市場規模、シェア、動向、2035年までの世界予測
Bidirectional Charging Market – Global Forecast to 2035

Key technology developments that drive bidirectional charging demand include advanced power electronics for efficient energy flow, high-capacity and fast-charging EV batteries, and smart energy management systems for real-time grid interaction. Standardized communication protocols between vehicles and the grid are emerging, enabling seamless integration. Improved inverter technology reduces losses during energy export. Key advanced electronics include high-efficiency bidirectional DC-DC converters and inverters that manage seamless two-way power flow, supported by smart control systems for grid synchronization and energy optimization. Cost reductions in chargers and batteries, along with energy arbitrage opportunities, are expected to make bidirectional solutions commercially viable.

双方向充電市場規模、シェア、動向、2035年までの世界予測 - by vehicle type
Bidirectional Charging Market – Global Forecast to 2035 – by vehicle type

“V2L application is set to account for the largest segment during the forecast period.”

V2L is the most accessible form of bidirectional charging and has gained rapid traction because it requires the least infrastructure and enables straightforward use cases like powering external electrical appliances. Several passenger cars already have this functionality as standard, especially from Chinese and Korean OEMs. BYD Dolphin, Atto 3, and MG4 are equipped with V2L ports, often included across even mid-level trims. The Hyundai Ioniq 5 and Genesis GV60 are well-known global models providing V2L for convenience. Premium OEMs such as Leapmotor and Lucid Motors also provide this feature across their offerings. Other OEMs plan to provide this as a base feature, starting with some top trims of their bestselling EVs.

“OEM innovation to drive bidirectional EV charging market growth.”

Leading OEMs such as Ford, GM, Tesla, Hyundai, Kia, and Volkswagen are significantly driving the bidirectional charging market in North America through the introduction of advanced EV models equipped with V2H and V2G capabilities. GM’s Silverado, Tesla’s Cybertruck, and Ford’s F-Series provide V2H functionality in their higher trims, allowing owners to use their vehicles as home backup power sources during outages. These OEMs are also expanding plans to integrate V2G capabilities, enabling consumer and fleet vehicles to participate in grid services that support demand response, frequency regulation, and energy trading, ultimately reducing operating costs for owners.

双方向充電市場規模、シェア、動向、2035年までの世界予測 - 地域
Bidirectional Charging Market – Global Forecast to 2035 – region

Hyundai and Kia enhance the market with models like the Ioniq 5 and EV6, which include V2L features that increase EV utility by enabling energy supply to external devices, advancing consumer convenience and energy resilience. Strategic partnerships between OEMs, utility companies, and technology providers foster optimized bidirectional charging infrastructure, further accelerating adoption. This multi-stakeholder collaboration, coupled with strong OEM model availability and growing consumer interest in energy-flexible solutions, positions North America as a leading region for bidirectional charging technology expansion and grid integration benefits.

  • By Company Type: OEMs – 50%, Tier I – 40%, Others – 10%
  • By Designation: CXOs – 30%, Managers – 55%, Executives – 15%
  • By Region: North America – 25%, Europe – 30%, Asia Pacific – 45%

The bidirectional charging market is primarily dominated by globally recognized players: Wallbox Chargers (Spain), NUVVE Holding Corp (US), Siemens (Germany), ABB (Switzerland), and Zaptec AS (Norway). They offer a wide range of bidirectional charging solutions, backed by substantial investments in R&D to innovate and expand their product offerings.

双方向充電市場規模、シェア、動向、2035年までの世界予測 - 対象企業
Bidirectional Charging Market – Global Forecast to 2035 – ecosystem

Research Coverage:

The study covers the bidirectional charging market by charging type (AC charging and DC charging), application (V2G, V2H, V2L), vehicle type (passenger cars and LCVs), propulsion (BEV and PHEV), and end use (residential, commercial fleets, and public/semi-public utility charging). It also covers the competitive landscape and company profiles of the major players in the bidirectional charging market ecosystem.

Key Benefits of the Report

The study also includes an in-depth competitive analysis of the key players in the market, along with their company profiles, key observations related to product and business offerings, recent developments, and key market strategies.

The report will help the market leaders/new entrants with information on the closest approximations of the revenue numbers for the overall bidirectional charging market ecosystem and the subsegments. This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to position their businesses better and plan suitable go-to-market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the market pulse and provides information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

The report provides insights into the following points:

  • Analysis of key drivers (growing availability of bidirectional chargeable vehicle models, strong governmental support for emission-free and safe electric vehicles, declining battery costs strengthen EV affordability and ownership economies), restraints (growing availability of bidirectional chargeable vehicle models, strong governmental support for emission-free and safe electric vehicles), opportunities (growing availability of bidirectional chargeable vehicle models, strong governmental support for emission-free and safe electric vehicles, declining battery costs strengthen EV affordability and ownership economies), and challenges (global regulatory inconsistencies and fragmented incentive qualification) influencing the growth of bidirectional charging market.
  • Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product launches in the bidirectional charging market.
  • Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets–the report analyzes the bidirectional charging market across varied regions
  • Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the bidirectional charging market
  • Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and service offerings of leading players like Wallbox Chargers (Spain), NUVVE Holding Corp (US), Siemens (Germany), ABB (Switzerland), and Zaptec AS (Norway) in the bidirectional charging market
  • MnM Insights: Bidirectional charger demand will be driven by rising EV adoption, grid stability needs, and integration with renewable energy, along with advances in smart energy management and inverter technology, which will enable efficient energy flow

Table of Contents

1               INTRODUCTION              27

1.1           STUDY OBJECTIVES       27

1.2           MARKET DEFINITION   28

1.2.1        INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS 30

1.3           STUDY SCOPE   31

1.3.1        MARKETS COVERED AND REGIONAL SCOPE      31

1.3.2        YEARS CONSIDERED      31

1.4           CURRENCY CONSIDERED            32

1.5           UNITS CONSIDERED      32

1.6           STAKEHOLDERS               32

2               RESEARCH METHODOLOGY       33

2.1           RESEARCH DATA              33

2.1.1        SECONDARY DATA          35

2.1.1.1    List of secondary sources    35

2.1.1.2    Key data from secondary sources       36

2.1.2        PRIMARY DATA 37

2.1.2.1    Primary interviews from demand and supply sides         37

2.1.2.2    Breakdown of primary interviews      37

2.1.2.3    List of primary interview participants               38

2.2           MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION         39

2.2.1        BOTTOM-UP APPROACH              40

2.2.2        TOP-DOWN APPROACH                41

2.3           DATA TRIANGULATION                42

2.4           FACTOR ANALYSIS          43

2.5           RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS           44

2.6           RESEARCH LIMITATIONS             45

2.7           RISK ASSESSMENT           45

3               EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  46

4               PREMIUM INSIGHTS       50

4.1           ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET    50

4.2           BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE     50

4.3           BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, APPLICATION                 51

4.4           BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY CHARGING TYPE     51

4.5           BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION                 52

5               MARKET OVERVIEW       53

5.1           INTRODUCTION              53

5.2           MARKET DYNAMICS       53

5.2.1        DRIVERS               54

5.2.1.1    Growing availability of bidirectional chargeable vehicle models                 54

5.2.1.2    Strong government support for electric vehicles             55

5.2.1.3    Declining battery costs strengthening electric vehicle affordability and ownership economics             57

5.2.1.4    Grid stability achieved due to intelligent bidirectional charging deployment            58

5.2.2        RESTRAINTS      58

5.2.2.1    High cost and complexity of integrating in-vehicle charger systems  58

5.2.2.2    Limited home charging suitability     59

5.2.2.3    Electric vehicle resale values and accelerated depreciation impacting buyer confidence                60

5.2.3        OPPORTUNITIES              60

5.2.3.1    Integration of bidirectional charging with automated smart parking systems    60

5.2.3.2    Fleet electrification and car-sharing platforms to increase deployment            61

5.2.4        CHALLENGES    61

5.2.4.1    Regulatory inconsistencies and fragmented incentive qualification           61

6               INDUSTRY TRENDS         63

6.1           MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS              63

6.1.1        INTRODUCTION              63

6.1.2        GDP TRENDS AND FORECAST   63

6.1.3        TRENDS IN GLOBAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING INDUSTRY           64

6.1.4        TRENDS IN GLOBAL AUTOMOTIVE & TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY  65

6.2           ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS  65

6.2.1        BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING SYSTEM PROVIDERS                 65

6.2.2        OEMS    66

6.2.3        CHARGING STATION SERVICE PROVIDERS          66

6.2.4        END USERS         66

6.3           VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS               67

6.4           EMERGING BUSINESS MODELS IN BIDIRECTIONAL SERVICES             68

6.4.1        NEW MONETIZATION OPPORTUNITIES FOR OEMS, BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGER PROVIDERS, AND UTILITIES                 68

6.4.2        SUBSCRIPTION-BASED ENERGY SERVICES           69

6.5           REGIONAL-LEVEL READINESS INDEX FOR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING       71

6.5.1        ELECTRIC VEHICLE MODELS AVAILABLE WITH BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING FEATURE, BY REGION         71

6.5.2        ENERGY FLOW MONITORING ANALYSIS BY KEY MODELS               72

6.6           BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS      73

6.7           BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE READINESS INDEX           73

6.8           BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING OEM ADOPTION DETAILS                 74

6.9           PRICING ANALYSIS          76

6.9.1        AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY KEY PLAYERS, 2024                 76

6.9.2        AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024                 77

6.9.3        AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND, BY REGION, 2022–2024                 78

6.10         TRENDS AND DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS            79

6.11         INVESTMENT AND FUNDING SCENARIO               79

6.12         TRADE ANALYSIS             81

6.12.1      IMPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 8504)        81

6.12.2      EXPORT SCENARIO (HS CODE 8504)        82

6.13         KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2025–2026        84

6.14         CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 85

6.14.1      WHITE PLAINS, NEW YORK, US: ELECTRIC SCHOOL BUSES WITH BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING             85

6.14.2      CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA: ELECTRIC VEHICLES AS EMERGENCY BACKUP POWER   85

6.14.3      VIRGINIA, US: DOMINION ENERGY ELECTRIC SCHOOL BUS PROGRAM  86

6.14.4      HEVO & VEHYA: INSTALLATION PARTNERSHIP FOR WIRELESS ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING SOLUTIONS 86

6.15         MNM INSIGHTS ON ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY REQUIREMENTS FOR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGERS           87

6.15.1      BMS REQUIREMENTS FOR CHARGING AND DISCHARGING CYCLES 87

6.15.2      REQUIREMENT FOR BATTERIES WITH HIGHER THERMAL STABILITY     87

6.15.3      IMPACT ON ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY LIFE CYCLE                 88

7               STRATEGIC DISRUPTION THROUGH TECHNOLOGY, PATENTS, DIGITAL,

AND AI ADOPTION         90

7.1           TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS             90

7.1.1        INTRODUCTION              90

7.1.2        KEY EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES              90

7.1.2.1    Peer-to-Peer Energy Sharing: Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Charging                 90

7.1.2.2    Smart Urban Power Nodes: Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Charging                 91

7.1.2.3    Wireless Bidirectional Charging (W-V2X)       92

7.1.3        COMPLEMENTARY TECHNOLOGIES       93

7.1.3.1    Software-defined Vehicles as Energy Gateways               93

7.1.3.2    Cloud-based Energy Orchestration Platforms 93

7.1.4        ADJACENT TECHNOLOGIES       94

7.1.4.1    Distributed Energy Resources (DER) Integration          94

7.1.4.2    Smart Charging and Load Management           94

7.1.4.3    Energy Management Platforms          94

7.2           TECHNOLOGY/PRODUCT ROADMAP    94

7.3           PATENT ANALYSIS          95

7.3.1        INTRODUCTION              95

7.3.1.1    Methodology         95

7.3.1.2    Document type     95

7.3.1.3    Insights  96

7.3.1.4    Legal status of patents         97

7.3.1.5    Jurisdiction analysis              97

7.3.1.6    Top applicants      98

7.3.1.7    List of patents       98

7.4           FUTURE APPLICATIONS               100

7.4.1        DISASTER-RESILIENT POWER BACKUP WITH BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING       100

7.4.2        SMART CITIES AS ENERGY-INTEGRATED MOBILITY ECOSYSTEM       101

7.5           IMPACT OF AI/GEN AI ON BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET               101

7.5.1        TOP USE CASES AND MARKET POTENTIAL: AI-DRIVEN DYNAMIC ENERGY FORECASTING           101

7.5.2        ACCELERATED V2X TECHNOLOGY DESIGN AND SIMULATION     102

7.5.3        ENHANCED CYBERSECURITY AND FRAUD DETECTION                 102

7.6           SUCCESS STORIES AND REAL-WORLD APPLICATIONS                 103

7.6.1        UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS: WE DRIVE SOLAR V2G CAR-SHARING              103

7.6.2        OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA, US: ELECTRIC SCHOOL BUSES WITH V2G            103

8               SUSTAINABILITY AND REGULATORY LANDSCAPE                 104

8.1           REGULATORY LANDSCAPE         104

8.1.1        REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES,

AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS  104

8.1.2        ELECTRIC VEHICLE INCENTIVES, BY KEY COUNTRIES                 106

8.1.2.1    Germany                 106

8.1.2.2    France    107

8.1.2.3    UK          108

8.1.2.4    China      109

8.1.2.5    US           109

8.2           FUNDING BY USE CASE APPLICATION   110

8.2.1        INDUSTRY STANDARDS                112

8.3           SUSTAINABILITY INITIATIVES   112

8.3.1        PROMOTING RENEWABLE ENERGY UTILIZATION THROUGH V2H

AND V2G INTEGRATION               112

8.3.2        ENABLING GRID STABILITY AND LOAD MANAGEMENT WITH V2G PILOTS           113

8.3.3        EXTENDING BATTERY LIFE AND REDUCING WASTE THROUGH SMART ENERGY MANAGEMENT        113

8.4           CERTIFICATIONS, LABELING, AND ECO-STANDARDS                 113

9               CUSTOMER LANDSCAPE AND BUYER BEHAVIOR                 115

9.1           DECISION-MAKING PROCESS     115

9.2           KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA     115

9.2.1        KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS           116

9.2.2        BUYING CRITERIA           117

9.3           ADOPTION BARRIERS AND INTERNAL CHALLENGES                 118

9.3.1        HIGH COST AND COMPLEX INSTALLATION        118

9.3.2        COMPATIBILITY WITH EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE                 119

9.3.3        BATTERY DEGRADATION AND MAINTENANCE 119

9.3.4        LACK OF UNIFIED STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS                 119

9.3.5        INTEROPERABILITY AND CYBERSECURITY ISSUES                 119

9.3.6        UNDEFINED BUSINESS MODELS AND INCENTIVES                 119

9.4           UNMET NEEDS FROM VARIOUS END-USE INDUSTRIES                 119

9.5           MARKET PROFITABILITY             120

9.5.1        REVENUE POTENTIAL   120

9.5.2        COST DYNAMICS             121

9.5.3        MARGIN OPPORTUNITIES BY APPLICATION       121

10            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY CHARGING TYPE     122

10.1         INTRODUCTION              123

10.2         AC BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING                 124

10.2.1      GROWING VEHICLE COMPATIBILITY TO DRIVE WIDER ADOPTION OF AC BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING FOR HOME AND GRID APPLICATIONS     124

10.3         DC BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING                127

10.3.1      SUITABLE FOR COMMERCIAL FLEETS, DEPOTS, AND HIGH-POWER RESIDENTIAL OR MICROGRID SETTINGS                 127

10.4         KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS                128

11            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY PROPULSION TYPE     129

11.1         INTRODUCTION              130

11.2         BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE (BEV)       131

11.2.1      LARGER BATTERY CAPACITY AND FULL ELECTRIFICATION OF BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES TO DRIVE MARKET               131

11.3         PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE (PHEV)    133

11.3.1      RISING POPULARITY OF LUXURY PHEVS TO DRIVE GROWTH             133

11.4         KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS                133

12            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE     134

12.1         INTRODUCTION              135

12.2         PASSENGER CAR               136

12.2.1      V2L TO BE ATTRACTIVE OFFERINGS FOR PASSENGER CAR SEGMENT DUE TO INCREASED USER CONVENIENCE                 136

12.3         LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE 138

12.3.1      GROWING DEMAND FOR V2H IN ELECTRIC PICKUP TRUCKS IN US

AND VANS IN EUROPE TO DRIVE MARKET           138

12.4         KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS                139

13            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION                 140

13.1         INTRODUCTION              141

13.2         VEHICLE-TO-LOAD (V2L)             142

13.2.1      LOW INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS TO DRIVE DEMAND             142

13.3         VEHICLE-TO-HOME (V2H) + VEHICLE-TO-LOAD (V2L)                 144

13.3.1      ABILITY TO PROVIDE RELIABLE EMERGENCY BACKUP DURING GRID OUTAGES TO DRIVE DEMAND    144

13.4         VEHICLE-TO-GRID (V2G) + VEHICLE-TO-HOME (V2H) + VEHICLE-TO-LOAD (V2L)             145

13.4.1      ABILITY TO OFFER BROADEST VALUE PROPOSITION TO DRIVE GROWTH        145

13.5         KEY PRIMARY INSIGHTS                146

14            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY END USE                 147

14.1         INTRODUCTION              147

14.2         RESIDENTIAL    147

14.3         COMMERCIAL FLEETS   148

14.4         PUBLIC/SEMI-PUBLIC UTILITY CHARGING          148

15            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION                 149

15.1         INTRODUCTION              150

15.2         ASIA PACIFIC     152

15.2.1      MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK  154

15.2.2      CHINA  157

15.2.2.1  Government-backed large-scale pilots and initiatives promoting energy security to drive growth          157

15.2.3      INDIA    158

15.2.3.1  Growth of V2L adoption to drive growth          158

15.2.4      JAPAN   160

15.2.4.1  Government-backed V2G pilots aligning with national energy strategy to drive growth       160

15.2.5      SOUTH KOREA  161

15.2.5.1  Development of supportive ecosystem for broader bidirectional use to drive growth               161

15.3         EUROPE               163

15.3.1      MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK  165

15.3.2      FRANCE                168

15.3.2.1  Smart grid investment and cross-sector partnerships to drive growth    168

15.3.3      ITALY    170

15.3.3.1  Cross-sector collaboration and renewable integration to drive growth    170

15.3.4      GERMANY           172

15.3.4.1  Consumer acceptance and renewable energy integration to drive growth    172

15.3.5      SPAIN    173

15.3.5.1  Strategic collaborations between energy firms, technology companies, and city authorities to drive market              173

15.3.6      UK          175

15.3.6.1  Integration of advanced smart charging platforms with V2G hardware to drive market    175

15.4         NORTH AMERICA             177

15.4.1      MACROECONOMIC OUTLOOK  179

15.4.2      CANADA               181

15.4.2.1  Government support for electric vehicles and OEM plans to provide V2H and V2L to drive market              181

15.4.3      US           183

15.4.3.1  OEM support for V2H and growing demand for V2L due to user convenience to drive market               183

16            COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE         185

16.1         INTRODUCTION              185

16.2         KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN            185

16.3         MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2024                 188

16.4         REVENUE ANALYSIS, 2020–2024  189

16.5         COMPANY VALUATION AND FINANCIAL METRICS                 189

16.5.1      COMPANY VALUATION 189

16.5.2      FINANCIAL METRICS      190

16.6         BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON             191

16.7         COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: KEY PLAYERS, 2024                 192

16.7.1      STARS   192

16.7.2      EMERGING LEADERS     192

16.7.3      PERVASIVE PLAYERS      192

16.7.4      PARTICIPANTS 192

16.7.5      COMPANY FOOTPRINT KEY PLAYERS, 2024          194

16.7.5.1  Company footprint               194

16.7.5.2  Region footprint   195

16.7.5.3  Charging type footprint       195

16.7.5.4  Application footprint            196

16.8         COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX: STARTUPS/SMES, 2024        196

16.8.1      PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES         196

16.8.2      RESPONSIVE COMPANIES            196

16.8.3      DYNAMIC COMPANIES  197

16.8.4      STARTING BLOCKS         197

16.9         COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING               198

16.9.1      LIST OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES   198

16.9.2      COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES              199

16.10       COMPETITIVE SCENARIO             199

16.10.1   PRODUCT LAUNCHES   199

16.10.2   DEALS  200

16.10.3   EXPANSIONS     204

16.10.4   OTHER DEVELOPMENTS              205

17            COMPANY PROFILES      206

17.1         BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGER PROVIDERS 206

17.1.1      WALLBOX CHARGERS    206

17.1.1.1  Business overview 206

17.1.1.2  Products offered   207

17.1.1.3  Recent developments           208

17.1.1.3.1                Product launches  208

17.1.1.3.2                Deals      208

17.1.1.4  MnM view              209

17.1.1.4.1                Key strengths        209

17.1.1.4.2                Strategic choices   209

17.1.1.4.3                Weaknesses and competitive threats 209

17.1.2      NUVVE HOLDING CORP.               210

17.1.2.1  Business overview 210

17.1.2.2  Products offered   210

17.1.2.3  Recent developments           211

17.1.2.3.1                Product launches  211

17.1.2.3.2                Deals      211

17.1.2.3.3                Expansions             211

17.1.2.3.4                Others    212

17.1.2.4  MnM view              212

17.1.2.4.1                Key strengths        212

17.1.2.4.2                Strategic choices   212

17.1.2.4.3                Weaknesses and competitive threats 213

17.1.3      SIEMENS              214

17.1.3.1  Business overview 214

17.1.3.2  Products offered   215

17.1.3.3  Recent developments           215

17.1.3.3.1                Product developments         215

17.1.3.3.2                Deals      216

17.1.3.4  MnM view              216

17.1.3.4.1                Key strengths        216

17.1.3.4.2                Strategic choices   216

17.1.3.4.3                Weaknesses and competitive threats 216

17.1.4      ABB        217

17.1.4.1  Business overview 217

17.1.4.2  Products offered   218

17.1.4.3  Recent developments           218

17.1.4.3.1                Deals      218

17.1.4.3.2                Expansions             218

17.1.4.3.3                Others    219

17.1.4.4  MnM view              219

17.1.4.4.1                Key strengths        219

17.1.4.4.2                Strategic choices   219

17.1.4.4.3                Weaknesses and competitive threats 219

17.1.5      ZAPTEC AS          220

17.1.5.1  Business overview 220

17.1.5.2  Products offered   221

17.1.5.3  Recent developments           221

17.1.5.3.1                Product launches/developments        221

17.1.5.3.2                Deals      222

17.1.5.4  MnM view              222

17.1.5.4.1                Key strengths        222

17.1.5.4.2                Strategic choices   222

17.1.5.4.3                Weaknesses and competitive threats 222

17.1.6      IOTECHA             223

17.1.6.1  Business overview 223

17.1.6.2  Products offered   223

17.1.6.3  Recent developments           224

17.1.6.3.1                Deals      224

17.1.6.3.2                Others    225

17.1.7      ENPHASE ENERGY           226

17.1.7.1  Business overview 226

17.1.7.2  Products offered   226

17.1.7.3  Recent developments           227

17.1.7.3.1                Product developments         227

17.1.7.3.2                Deals      227

17.1.8      GISMOPOWER  228

17.1.8.1  Business overview 228

17.1.8.2  Products offered   228

17.1.8.3  Recent developments           228

17.1.8.3.1                Others    228

17.2         OEMS    229

17.2.1      TESLA   229

17.2.1.1  Business overview 229

17.2.1.2  Products offered   230

17.2.1.3  Recent developments           230

17.2.1.3.1                Product developments         230

17.2.1.3.2                Others    230

17.2.2      GENERAL MOTORS         231

17.2.2.1  Business overview 231

17.2.2.2  Products offered   232

17.2.2.3  Recent developments           232

17.2.2.3.1                Product launches/developments        232

17.2.2.3.2                Deals      233

17.2.2.3.3                Others    234

17.2.3      HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY    235

17.2.3.1  Business overview 235

17.2.3.2  Products offered   236

17.2.3.3  Recent developments           236

17.2.3.3.1                Product launches  236

17.2.3.3.2                Deals      237

17.2.3.3.3                Others    237

17.2.4      NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.            238

17.2.4.1  Business overview 238

17.2.4.2  Products offered   239

17.2.4.3  Recent developments           239

17.2.4.3.1                Deals      239

17.2.4.3.2                Others    239

17.2.5      BYD COMPANY LTD       240

17.2.5.1  Business overview 240

17.2.5.2  Products offered   241

17.2.5.3  Recent developments           241

17.2.5.3.1                Deals      241

17.2.6      MG MOTOR        242

17.2.6.1  Business overview 242

17.2.6.2  Products offered   242

17.2.6.3  Recent developments           243

17.2.6.3.1                Deals      243

17.2.6.3.2                Others    243

17.2.7      FORD MOTOR COMPANY             244

17.2.7.1  Business overview 244

17.2.7.2  Products offered   245

17.2.7.3  Recent developments           245

17.2.7.3.1                Deals      245

17.3         OTHER KEY PLAYERS     246

17.3.1      OSSIACO              246

17.3.2      FERMATA ENERGY          246

17.3.3      CHARGETRONIX, INC.   247

17.3.4      ZENION                247

17.3.5      THE MOBILITY HOUSE GMBH   248

17.3.6      SWITCH EV         249

17.3.7      CHARGESCAPE INC.        249

17.3.8      INDRA SISTEMAS S.A.     250

17.3.9      EVBOX  251

17.3.10   CHARGEPOINT, INC.      251

17.3.11   HELIOX ENERGY               252

18            RECOMMENDATIONS BY MARKETSANDMARKETS                 253

18.1         RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OEMS             253

18.1.1      ASIA PACIFIC TO BE KEY MARKET FOR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING,

WITH GROWING LUXURY ELECTRIC VEHICLE DEMAND IN CHINA  253

18.1.2      LEVERAGING CONSUMER MOMENTUM IN V2L AS CATALYST TO ACCELERATE V2H AND V2G ADOPTION 253

18.1.3      LOWER COSTS AND HOME INTEGRATION DRIVING AC BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING UPTAKE     254

18.2         RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGER PROVIDERS        255

18.2.1      DEVELOPING UTILITY PARTNERSHIPS FOR V2G PILOT PROGRAMS         255

18.2.2      ENERGY MANAGEMENT PLATFORMS EMPOWER V2G, V2H, AND V2L ADOPTION AND UNLOCK RECURRING REVENUE OPPORTUNITIES              255

18.2.3      STANDARDS COMPLIANCE DRIVES INTEROPERABILITY AND ACCELERATES BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING ADOPTION                 255

18.3         CONCLUSION    256

19            APPENDIX           257

19.1         KEY INSIGHTS OF INDUSTRY EXPERTS  257

19.2         DISCUSSION GUIDE        257

19.3         KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL                260

19.4         CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS        262

19.4.1      BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY CHARGER PLUG TYPE AT REGIONAL LEVEL             262

19.4.2      BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE BODY TYPE AT REGIONAL LEVEL             262

19.5         RELATED REPORTS         262

19.6         AUTHOR DETAILS           263

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1                MARKET DEFINITION, BY CHARGING TYPE                 28

TABLE 2                MARKET DEFINITION, BY VEHICLE TYPE                 28

TABLE 3                MARKET DEFINITION, BY PROPULSION TYPE                 29

TABLE 4                MARKET DEFINITION, BY APPLICATION                 29

TABLE 5                MARKET DEFINITION, BY END USE         30

TABLE 6                USD EXCHANGE RATES, 2021–2025            32

TABLE 7                GLOBAL ADOPTION OF BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING-ENABLED VEHICLES,

2019–2024              54

TABLE 8                IMPACT OF MARKET DYNAMICS               62

TABLE 9                GDP PERCENTAGE CHANGE, BY KEY COUNTRY, 2021–2030              63

TABLE 10              ROLE OF COMPANIES IN ECOSYSTEM    66

TABLE 11              MONETIZATION SCENARIOS AND BENEFICIARIES IN BIDIRECTIONAL

CHARGING ECOSYSTEM               69

TABLE 12              BIDIRECTIONAL-READY MODELS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS     71

TABLE 13              EVOLUTION OF BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING                 72

TABLE 14              GLOBAL STANDARDS ENABLING BIDIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING AND INTEROPERABILITY       73

TABLE 15              COMPARATIVE READINESS OF REGIONS FOR BIDIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC

VEHICLE CHARGING      74

TABLE 16              ADOPTION OF BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING BY OEMS    75

TABLE 17              AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY KEY PLAYERS, 2024 (USD)    76

TABLE 18              AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD)                77

TABLE 19              AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD)          78

TABLE 20              LIST OF FUNDING, 2023–2024      80

TABLE 21              IMPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 8504-COMPLIANT PRODUCTS,

BY COUNTRY, 2020–2024 (USD BILLION)                82

TABLE 22              EXPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 8504-COMPLIANT PRODUCTS,

BY COUNTRY, 2020–2024 (USD BILLION)                83

TABLE 23              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: KEY CONFERENCES

AND EVENTS, 2025–2026                 84

TABLE 24              ELECTRIC SCHOOL BUSES: GRID SUPPORT AND OPTIMIZED FLEET UTILIZATION             85

TABLE 25              EMERGENCY GRID STABILIZATION VIA RAPID-RESPONSE V2G ELECTRIC VEHICLE AGGREGATION        85

TABLE 26              LARGE-SCALE V2G SCHOOL BUS DEPLOYMENT FOR GRID STABILITY     86

TABLE 27              COMMERCIAL V2G FLEET AGGREGATION FOR FREQUENCY

REGULATION IN DENMARK        86

TABLE 28              COMPARISON OF BIDIRECTIONAL SUPPORTED ELECTRIC VEHICLES

AND BATTERY THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS         88

TABLE 29              LIST OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES WITH VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE (V2V)          91

TABLE 30              LIST OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES WITH VEHICLE-TO-INFRASTRUCTURE (V2I)       91

TABLE 31              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: TOTAL NUMBER OF PATENTS,

JANUARY 2014–DECEMBER 2024 96

TABLE 32              IMPORTANT PATENT REGISTRATIONS RELATED TO BIDIRECTIONAL

CHARGING MARKET       98

TABLE 33              NORTH AMERICA: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES,

AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS  104

TABLE 34              EUROPE: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES,

AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS  105

TABLE 35              ASIA PACIFIC: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES,

AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS  106

TABLE 36              GERMANY: ELECTRIC VEHICLE INCENTIVES                 106

TABLE 37              GERMANY: ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION INCENTIVES  107

TABLE 38              FRANCE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE INCENTIVES                 107

TABLE 39              FRANCE: ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION INCENTIVES  108

TABLE 40              UK: ELECTRIC VEHICLE INCENTIVES     108

TABLE 41              UK: ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION INCENTIVES       109

TABLE 42              CHINA: ELECTRIC VEHICLE INCENTIVES                 109

TABLE 43              CHINA: ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION INCENTIVES  109

TABLE 44              US: ELECTRIC VEHICLE INCENTIVES      110

TABLE 45              US: ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION INCENTIVES       110

TABLE 46              FUNDING BY USE CASE APPLICATION   110

TABLE 47              GLOBAL INDUSTRY STANDARDS IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE MARKET            112

TABLE 48              CERTIFICATIONS, LABELING, AND ECO-STANDARDS IN BIDIRECTIONAL

CHARGING MARKET       113

TABLE 49              INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS ON BUYING PROCESS IN BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION   116

TABLE 50              KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGERS, BY APPLICATION    117

TABLE 51              UNMET NEEDS IN BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY END USERS               119

TABLE 52              TECHNICAL DIFFERENCES, ADVANTAGES, AND LIMITATIONS    123

TABLE 53              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY CHARGING TYPE,

2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)  123

TABLE 54              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY CHARGING TYPE,

2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)  124

TABLE 55              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY CHARGING TYPE,

2022–2024 (USD MILLION)            124

TABLE 56              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY CHARGING TYPE,

2025–2035 (USD MILLION)            124

TABLE 57              AC CHARGING: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)         125

TABLE 58              AC CHARGING: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)         126

TABLE 59              AC CHARGING: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)   126

TABLE 60              AC CHARGING: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)   126

TABLE 61              DC CHARGING: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)         128

TABLE 62              DC CHARGING: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)   128

TABLE 63              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY PROPULSION TYPE,

2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)  130

TABLE 64              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY PROPULSION TYPE,

2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)  131

TABLE 65              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY PROPULSION TYPE,

2022–2024 (USD MILLION)            131

TABLE 66              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY PROPULSION TYPE,

2025–2035 (USD MILLION)            131

TABLE 67              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET FOR BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES,

BY REGION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)         132

TABLE 68              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET FOR BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES,

BY REGION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)         132

TABLE 69              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET FOR BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES,

BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)   132

TABLE 70              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET FOR BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES,

BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)   132

TABLE 71              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE,

2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)  135

TABLE 72              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE,

2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)  135

TABLE 73              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE,

2022–2024 (USD MILLION)            136

TABLE 74              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE,

2025–2035 (USD MILLION)            136

TABLE 75              PASSENGER CAR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)         136

TABLE 76              PASSENGER CAR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)         137

TABLE 77              PASSENGER CAR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)   137

TABLE 78              PASSENGER CAR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)   137

TABLE 79              LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)         138

TABLE 80              LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)         138

TABLE 81              LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)   138

TABLE 82              LIGHT COMMERCIAL VEHICLE BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)   139

TABLE 83              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)  141

TABLE 84              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)  142

TABLE 85              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)              142

TABLE 86              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)              142

TABLE 87              V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION,

2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)  143

TABLE 88              V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION,

2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)  143

TABLE 89              V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)          143

TABLE 90              V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)          143

TABLE 91             V2H + V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION,

2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)  144

TABLE 92             V2H + V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION,

2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)  144

TABLE 93             V2H + V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION,

2022–2024 (USD MILLION)            145

TABLE 94             V2H + V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION,

2025–2035 (USD MILLION)            145

TABLE 95              V2G + V2H + V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)         146

TABLE 96              V2G + V2H + V2L BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)   146

TABLE 97              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)                150

TABLE 98              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)                151

TABLE 99              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)          151

TABLE 100            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)          151

TABLE 101            ASIA PACIFIC: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)    153

TABLE 102            ASIA PACIFIC: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY COUNTRY, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)    153

TABLE 103            ASIA PACIFIC: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)               153

TABLE 104            ASIA PACIFIC: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY COUNTRY, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)               154

TABLE 105            CHINA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)  157

TABLE 106            CHINA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)  157

TABLE 107            CHINA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2022–2024 (USD MILLION)            158

TABLE 108            CHINA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2025–2035 (USD MILLION)            158

TABLE 109            INDIA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)  159

TABLE 110            INDIA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)  159

TABLE 111            INDIA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2022–2024 (USD MILLION)            159

TABLE 112            INDIA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2025–2035 (USD MILLION)            159

TABLE 113            JAPAN: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)  160

TABLE 114            JAPAN: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2025–2035 (USD MILLION)            160

TABLE 115            SOUTH KOREA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)             161

TABLE 116            SOUTH KOREA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)             162

TABLE 117            SOUTH KOREA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)       162

TABLE 118            SOUTH KOREA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)       162

TABLE 119            EUROPE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)    164

TABLE 120            EUROPE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY COUNTRY, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)    164

TABLE 121            EUROPE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)               164

TABLE 122            EUROPE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY COUNTRY, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)               165

TABLE 123            FRANCE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)             169

TABLE 124            FRANCE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)             169

TABLE 125            FRANCE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)       170

TABLE 126            FRANCE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)       170

TABLE 127            ITALY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)             171

TABLE 128            ITALY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)             171

TABLE 129            ITALY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)       171

TABLE 130            ITALY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)       171

TABLE 131            GERMANY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)             172

TABLE 132            GERMANY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)             172

TABLE 133            GERMANY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)       173

TABLE 134            GERMANY: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)       173

TABLE 135            SPAIN: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)             174

TABLE 136            SPAIN: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)             174

TABLE 137            SPAIN: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)       174

TABLE 138            SPAIN: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)       174

TABLE 139            UK: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)             175

TABLE 140            UK: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)             176

TABLE 141            UK: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)       176

TABLE 142            UK: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2025–2035 (USD MILLION)            176

TABLE 143            NORTH AMERICA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)    178

TABLE 144            NORTH AMERICA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY COUNTRY, 2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)    178

TABLE 145            NORTH AMERICA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY COUNTRY, 2022–2024 (USD MILLION)               178

TABLE 146            NORTH AMERICA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY COUNTRY, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)               178

TABLE 147            CANADA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)  181

TABLE 148            CANADA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)  182

TABLE 149            CANADA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2022–2024 (USD MILLION)            182

TABLE 150            CANADA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2025–2035 (USD MILLION)            182

TABLE 151            US: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2022–2024 (THOUSAND UNITS)  183

TABLE 152            US: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2025–2035 (THOUSAND UNITS)  183

TABLE 153            US: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2022–2024 (USD MILLION)            183

TABLE 154            US: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2025–2035 (USD MILLION)            184

TABLE 155            KEY PLAYER STRATEGIES/RIGHT TO WIN, JANUARY 2021–SEPTEMBER 2025                185

TABLE 156            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: DEGREE OF COMPETITION, 2024                 188

TABLE 157            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: REGION FOOTPRINT       195

TABLE 158            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: CHARGING TYPE FOOTPRINT   195

TABLE 159            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: APPLICATION FOOTPRINT         196

TABLE 160            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: LIST OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES    198

TABLE 161            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING

OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES              199

TABLE 162            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: PRODUCT LAUNCHES,

AUGUST 2021–JUNE 2025                200

TABLE 163            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: DEALS, OCTOBER 2020–JUNE 2025            200

TABLE 164            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: EXPANSIONS,

NOVEMBER 2024–MARCH 2025   204

TABLE 165            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: OTHER DEVELOPMENTS,

AUGUST 2023–JUNE 2025                205

TABLE 166            WALLBOX CHARGERS: COMPANY OVERVIEW                 206

TABLE 167            WALLBOX CHARGERS: PRODUCTS OFFERED                 207

TABLE 168            WALLBOX CHARGERS: PRODUCT LAUNCHES                 208

TABLE 169            WALLBOX CHARGERS: DEALS    208

TABLE 170            NUVVE HOLDING CORP.: COMPANY OVERVIEW                 210

TABLE 171            NUVVE HOLDING CORP.: PRODUCTS OFFERED                 210

TABLE 172            NUVVE HOLDING CORP.: PRODUCT LAUNCHES                 211

TABLE 173            NUVVE HOLDING CORP.: DEALS               211

TABLE 174            NUVVE HOLDING CORP.: EXPANSIONS 211

TABLE 175            NUVVE HOLDING CORP.: OTHERS           212

TABLE 176            SIEMENS: COMPANY OVERVIEW               214

TABLE 177            SIEMENS: PRODUCTS OFFERED                215

TABLE 178            SIEMENS: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS   215

TABLE 179            SIEMENS: DEALS               216

TABLE 180            ABB: COMPANY OVERVIEW         217

TABLE 181            ABB: PRODUCTS OFFERED          218

TABLE 182            ABB: DEALS        218

TABLE 183            ABB: EXPANSIONS           218

TABLE 184            ABB: OTHERS     219

TABLE 185            ZAPTEC AS: COMPANY OVERVIEW           220

TABLE 186            ZAPTEC AS: PRODUCTS OFFERED            221

TABLE 187            ZAPTEC AS: PRODUCT LAUNCHES/DEVELOPMENTS    221

TABLE 188            ZAPTEC AS: DEALS          222

TABLE 189            IOTECHA: COMPANY OVERVIEW              223

TABLE 190            IOTECHA: PRODUCTS OFFERED               223

TABLE 191            IOTECHA: DEALS             224

TABLE 192            IOTECHA: OTHERS          225

TABLE 193            ENPHASE ENERGY: COMPANY OVERVIEW                 226

TABLE 194            ENPHASE ENERGY: PRODUCTS OFFERED                 226

TABLE 195            ENPHASE ENERGY: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS                 227

TABLE 196            ENPHASE ENERGY: DEALS           227

TABLE 197            GISMOPOWER: COMPANY OVERVIEW   228

TABLE 198            GISMOPOWER: PRODUCTS OFFERED    228

TABLE 199            GISMOPOWER: OTHERS                228

TABLE 200            TESLA: COMPANY OVERVIEW    229

TABLE 201            TESLA: PRODUCTS OFFERED     230

TABLE 202            TESLA: PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTS        230

TABLE 203            TESLA: OTHERS                230

TABLE 204            GENERAL MOTORS: COMPANY OVERVIEW                 231

TABLE 205            GENERAL MOTORS: PRODUCTS OFFERED                 232

TABLE 206            GENERAL MOTORS: PRODUCT LAUNCHES / DEVELOPMENTS              232

TABLE 207            GENERAL MOTORS: DEALS         233

TABLE 208            GENERAL MOTORS: OTHERS      234

TABLE 209            HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY: COMPANY OVERVIEW          235

TABLE 210            HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY: PRODUCTS OFFERED             236

TABLE 211            HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY: PRODUCT LAUNCHES          236

TABLE 212            HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY: DEALS     237

TABLE 213            HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY: OTHERS 237

TABLE 214            NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.: COMPANY OVERVIEW          238

TABLE 215            NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.: PRODUCTS OFFERED             239

TABLE 216            NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.: DEALS            239

TABLE 217            NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.: OTHERS        239

TABLE 218            BYD COMPANY LIMITED: COMPANY OVERVIEW                 240

TABLE 219            BYD COMPANY LIMITED: PRODUCTS OFFERED                 241

TABLE 220            BYD COMPANY LIMITED: DEALS              241

TABLE 221            MG MOTOR: COMPANY OVERVIEW         242

TABLE 222            MG MOTOR: PRODUCTS OFFERED          242

TABLE 223            MG MOTOR: DEALS        243

TABLE 224            MG MOTOR: OTHERS    243

TABLE 225            FORD MOTOR COMPANY: COMPANY OVERVIEW          244

TABLE 226            FORD MOTOR COMPANY: PRODUCTS OFFERED                 245

TABLE 227            FORD MOTOR COMPANY: DEALS             245

TABLE 228            OSSIACO: COMPANY OVERVIEW               246

TABLE 229            FERMATA ENERGY: COMPANY OVERVIEW                 246

TABLE 230            CHARGETRONIX, INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW                 247

TABLE 231            ZENION: COMPANY OVERVIEW 247

TABLE 232            THE MOBILITY HOUSE GMBH: COMPANY OVERVIEW          248

TABLE 233            SWITCH EV: COMPANY OVERVIEW          249

TABLE 234            CHARGESCAPE INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW                 249

TABLE 235            INDRA SISTEMAS S.A.: COMPANY OVERVIEW                 250

TABLE 236            EVBOX: COMPANY OVERVIEW  251

TABLE 237            CHARGEPOINT, INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW                 251

TABLE 238            HELIOX ENERGY: COMPANY OVERVIEW                 252

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: MARKET SEGMENTATION              31

FIGURE 2              RESEARCH DESIGN         33

FIGURE 3              RESEARCH DESIGN MODEL         34

FIGURE 4              RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: HYPOTHESIS BUILDING           40

FIGURE 5              BOTTOM-UP APPROACH              41

FIGURE 6              TOP-DOWN APPROACH                41

FIGURE 7              DATA TRIANGULATION                42

FIGURE 8              FACTOR ANALYSIS FOR MARKET SIZING: DEMAND AND SUPPLY SIDES    43

FIGURE 9              BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET OVERVIEW          47

FIGURE 10            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2025–2035           48

FIGURE 11            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2025 VS. 2035        49

FIGURE 12            KEY PLAYERS IN BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET               49

FIGURE 13            OPPORTUNITIES IN GRID FLEXIBILITY AND HOME POWER BACKUP

TO DRIVE MARKET         50

FIGURE 14            PASSENGER CAR SEGMENT TO LEAD MARKET IN 2035  50

FIGURE 15            V2L TO LEAD MARKET IN 2035   51

FIGURE 16            AC CHARGING SEGMENT TO LEAD MARKET IN 2035        51

FIGURE 17            ASIA PACIFIC TO DOMINATE BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET IN 2024        52

FIGURE 18            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS,

OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES     53

FIGURE 19            SHIFT TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND TARGETS OF COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE    56

FIGURE 20            AI-ENABLED V2X BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING ECOSYSTEM       57

FIGURE 21            SYSTEM LAYOUT OF BIDIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE               59

FIGURE 22            ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS OF BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET       65

FIGURE 23            VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET       67

FIGURE 24            SUBSCRIPTION-BASED MODELS UNLOCK VALUE IN BIDIRECTIONAL EV CHARGING            70

FIGURE 25            AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY KEY PLAYERS, 2024 (USD)    76

FIGURE 26            AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY APPLICATION, 2022–2024 (USD)                77

FIGURE 27            AVERAGE SELLING PRICE, BY REGION, 2022–2024 (USD)          78

FIGURE 28            TRENDS AND DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS   79

FIGURE 29            INVESTMENT SCENARIO, 2020–2024         80

FIGURE 30            IMPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 8504-COMPLIANT PRODUCTS,

BY COUNTRY, 2020–2024 (USD BILLION)                81

FIGURE 31            EXPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 8504-COMPLIANT PRODUCTS,

BY COUNTRY, 2020–2024 (USD BILLION)                83

FIGURE 32            CAPACITY RETENTION UNDER CYCLE-AGING                 89

FIGURE 33            HOW VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE (V2V) CHARGING WORKS 90

FIGURE 34            WIRELESS BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING 92

FIGURE 35            ROADMAP OF BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET               94

FIGURE 36            PATENT ANALYSIS, BY DOCUMENT TYPE, JANUARY 2014–DECEMBER 2024 96

FIGURE 37            PATENT PUBLICATION TRENDS, 2014−2024                 96

FIGURE 38            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: LEGAL STATUS OF PATENTS,

JANUARY 2014–DECEMBER 2024 97

FIGURE 39            JURISDICTION OF US REGISTERED HIGHEST PERCENTAGE

OF PATENTS, 2014–2024 97

FIGURE 40            TOP PATENT APPLICANTS, JANUARY 2014–DECEMBER 2024                98

FIGURE 41            INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS ON BUYING PROCESS IN BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION   116

FIGURE 42            KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGERS, BY APPLICATION    117

FIGURE 43            ENERGY FLOW IN AC BIDIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING CYCLE  125

FIGURE 44            DC BIDIRECTIONAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING CYCLE           127

FIGURE 45            BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE VS. PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE       130

FIGURE 46            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY VEHICLE TYPE,

2025 VS. 2035 (USD MILLION)      135

FIGURE 47            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY APPLICATION,

2025 VS. 2035 (USD MILLION)      141

FIGURE 48            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING PROCESS FOR ADVANCED GRID APPLICATIONS             147

FIGURE 49            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, BY REGION, 2025 VS. 2035 (USD MILLION)   150

FIGURE 50            ASIA PACIFIC: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET SNAPSHOT       152

FIGURE 51            ASIA PACIFIC: REAL GDP GROWTH RATE, BY COUNTRY, 2024–2026      155

FIGURE 52            ASIA PACIFIC: GDP PER CAPITA, BY COUNTRY, 2024–2026              155

FIGURE 53            ASIA PACIFIC: INFLATION RATE AVERAGE CONSUMER PRICES,

BY COUNTRY, 2024–2026                155

FIGURE 54            ASIA PACIFIC: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY’S CONTRIBUTION TO GDP, 2024  156

FIGURE 55            EUROPE: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET,

BY COUNTRY, 2025–2035 (USD MILLION)               163

FIGURE 56            EUROPE: REAL GDP GROWTH RATE, BY COUNTRY, 2024-2026       166

FIGURE 57            EUROPE: GDP PER CAPITA, BY COUNTRY, 2024-2026        167

FIGURE 58            EUROPE: INFLATION RATE AVERAGE CONSUMER PRICES,

BY COUNTRY, 2024-2026                 167

FIGURE 59            EUROPE: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY’S CONTRIBUTION TO GDP, 2024  167

FIGURE 60            NORTH AMERICA: BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET SNAPSHOT       177

FIGURE 61            NORTH AMERICA: REAL GDP GROWTH RATE, BY COUNTRY, 2024–2026                180

FIGURE 62            NORTH AMERICA: GDP PER CAPITA, BY COUNTRY, 2024–2026      180

FIGURE 63            NORTH AMERICA: CPI INFLATION RATE, BY COUNTRY, 2024–2026      180

FIGURE 64            NORTH AMERICA: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY’S CONTRIBUTION TO GDP, 2024         181

FIGURE 65            MARKET RANKING ANALYSIS OF BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING

MANUFACTURERS, 2024                 187

FIGURE 66            MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS OF TOP OEMS PROVIDING BIDIRECTIONAL

CHARGING FEATURE, 2024           188

FIGURE 67            REVENUE ANALYSIS OF KEY PLAYERS IN BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET, 2020–2024 (USD BILLION)                 189

FIGURE 68            COMPANY VALUATION OF KEY PLAYERS, 2025                 190

FIGURE 69            FINANCIAL METRICS OF KEY PLAYERS, 2025                 190

FIGURE 70            BRAND/PRODUCT COMPARISON IN BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET    191

FIGURE 71            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX

(KEY PLAYERS), 2024       193

FIGURE 72            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: COMPANY FOOTPRINT 194

FIGURE 73            BIDIRECTIONAL CHARGING MARKET: COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX (STARTUPS/SMES), 2024                 197

FIGURE 74            WALLBOX CHARGERS: COMPANY SNAPSHOT                 207

FIGURE 75            NUVVE HOLDING CORP.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT                 210

FIGURE 76            SIEMENS: COMPANY SNAPSHOT               214

FIGURE 77            ABB: COMPANY SNAPSHOT        217

FIGURE 78            ZAPTEC AS: COMPANY SNAPSHOT          220

FIGURE 79            TESLA: COMPANY SNAPSHOT   229

FIGURE 80            GENERAL MOTORS: COMPANY SNAPSHOT                 231

FIGURE 81            HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY: COMPANY SNAPSHOT          235

FIGURE 82            NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT          238

FIGURE 83            BYD COMPANY LIMITED: COMPANY SNAPSHOT                 240

FIGURE 84            FORD MOTOR COMPANY: COMPANY SNAPSHOT          244