医療用レーザー市場 : 2028年までの世界予測

出版:MarketsandMarkets(マーケッツアンドマーケッツ) 出版年月:2024年2月

Medical Lasers Market – Forecast to 2028

医療用レーザー市場 : テクノロジー [固体 (ER:YAG、ND:YAG、HO:YAG、アレキサンドライト)、ガス (CO2、アルゴン、エキシマ)、パルス色素、ダイオード]、用途 (美容学、皮膚科、泌尿器科)、エンドユーザー (病院、クリニック、ホーム)、アンメットニーズ – 2028年までの世界予測
Medical Lasers Market by Technology (Solid (ER:YAG, ND:YAG, HO:YAG, Alexandrite), Gas (CO2, Argon, Excimer), Pulsed Dye, Diode), Application (Aesthetics, Dermatology, Urology), End User (Hospital, Clinic, Home), Unmet Needs – Global Forecast to 2028

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Report Overview

The medical lasers market is projected to reach USD 8.3 billion by 2028 from USD 4.8 billion in 2023, at a CAGR of 11.5% from 2023 to 2028.

医療用レーザー市場は、2023年から2028年までCAGR 11.5%で、2023年の48億ドルから2028年までに83億ドルに達すると予測されています。

The expansion of the medical lasers market is greatly shaped by the strong demand for procedures such as tattoo removal and hair removal treatment. Two key factors drive this demand: technological advancements in medical laser technology, which addresses the increasing need for tattoo removal solutions as obesity rates rise, and the aging demographic’s desire for skin resurfacing to counter imperfections, contributing to the overall growth of the market. These elements underscore the enduring popularity of medical laser treatments in addressing both cosmetic and age-related concerns, fueling the market’s expansion.

医療用レーザー市場 : 2028年までの世界予測

“The solid- state laser application segment held the largest share of the market in 2023.”
Based on technology, the medical lasers market is segmented into solid-state laser systems, gas laser systems, pulsed dye laser systems, diode laser systems, other technologies. the solid-state laser systems application segment held the largest market share in 2023. The market is expected to experience growth due to an increasing demand for aesthetic procedures conducted in home settings.

医療用レーザー市場 : 2028年までの世界予測 ecosystem


“The hair removal segment is projected to register the highest CAGR of the aesthetic/cosmetics by application during the forecast period.”
Based on Application, the medical lasers market is segmented into aesthetic/cosmetic applications, dermatology applications, urology applications, ophthalmology applications, dental applications, ob/gyn applications, oncology applications, cardiovascular applications and other applications. The hair removal segment is projected to register the highest CAGR of the aesthetics/cosmetic market from 2023 to 2028. The rising expenditure by consumers on pharmaceuticals related to cosmetics.

“The market in the Asia Pacific region is expected to witness the highest growth during the forecast period.”
The medical lasers market in the APAC region is expected to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period, primarily due to evolving healthcare infrastructure and the increasing focus of major players in the region. The healthcare infrastructure in emerging economies, such as India and China, is evolving at a rapid pace, leading to major investments in advanced medical lasers systems by hospitals and surgical centers. these factors are anticipated to fuel the growth of the medical lasers market in this region.  

A breakdown of the primary participants referred to for this report is provided below:
• By Company Type: Tier 1–40%, Tier 2–34%, and Tier 3–26%
• By Designation: Director-level–20%,  C-level–20%, and Others–60%
• By Region: North America–30%, Europe–40%, Asia Pacific–20%, Latin America-08%, Middle East and Africa-02%

医療用レーザー市場 : 2028年までの世界予測 region


The prominent players in the medical lasers market are Cynosure (US), Candela Medical (US), Cutera (US), and amongs others.

Research Coverage
This report studies the medical lasers market based on technology, application, end user, and region. It also covers the factors affecting market growth, analyzes the various opportunities and challenges in the market, and provides details of the competitive landscape for market leaders. Furthermore, the report analyzes micro markets with respect to their growth trends and forecasts the revenue of the market segments with respect to three main regions (and the respective countries in these regions).

Reasons to Buy the Report
The report will help the market leaders/new entrants with information on the closest approximations of the revenue numbers for the overall medical lasers market and the subsegments. This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to position their businesses better and plan suitable go-to-market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the market pulse and provides information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.

This report provides insights on the following pointers:
Analysis of key drivers (technological advancement in the medical laser technology, increase in the number of non surgical cosmetic procedures, rising demand for minimally invasive surgical procedures, reimbursement scenario and increase incidence and prevalence of targeted diseases), restraints (high cost of medical laser, stringent safety regulation), opportunities (growth of medical tourism, extended use of laser in diverse clinical fields), challenges (risk associated with lasers) influencing the growth of the medical lasers market.
• Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product & service launches in the medical lasers market
• Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets–the report analyses the medical lasers market across varied regions.
• Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products & services, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the medical lasers market
• Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies, and service offerings of leading players like Inmode (Israel), Alma Lasers (Israel), Cynosure (US), and Cutera (US), among others. 

Table of Contents

1            INTRODUCTION            28

1.1         STUDY OBJECTIVES      28

1.2         MARKET DEFINITION   28

1.2.1      INCLUSIONS & EXCLUSIONS OF STUDY 29

1.3         MARKET SCOPE             30

1.3.1      MARKETS COVERED     30

1.3.2      YEARS CONSIDERED     31

1.4         CURRENCY        31

1.5         RESEARCH LIMITATIONS           31

1.6         STAKEHOLDERS            32

1.7         SUMMARY OF CHANGES            32

1.8         RECESSION IMPACT      33

2            RESEARCH METHODOLOGY     34

2.1         RESEARCH DATA           34

2.2         RECESSION IMPACT      34

2.3         RESEARCH DESIGN       35

2.3.1      SECONDARY RESEARCH             36

2.3.2      PRIMARY RESEARCH     37

2.3.2.1   Primary sources   37

2.3.2.2   Key industry insights          38

2.3.2.3   Breakdown of primaries     38

FIGURE 1           BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS: SUPPLY-SIDE AND DEMAND-SIDE PARTICIPANTS 38

FIGURE 2           BREAKDOWN OF PRIMARY INTERVIEWS: BY COMPANY TYPE, DESIGNATION, AND REGION    39

2.4         MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION       39

FIGURE 3           RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: HYPOTHESIS BUILDING  40

2.4.1      BOTTOM-UP APPROACH           40

2.4.1.1   Approach 1: Company revenue estimation approach    41

2.4.1.2   Approach 2: Customer-based market estimation          41

FIGURE 4           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION: BOTTOM-UP APPROACH       42

2.4.1.3   CAGR projections             42

FIGURE 5           CAGR PROJECTIONS: SUPPLY-SIDE ANALYSIS   42

2.5         DATA VALIDATION APPROACH             43

FIGURE 6           DATA TRIANGULATION METHODOLOGY         43

2.6         MARKET SHARE ASSESSMENT   43

2.7         STUDY ASSUMPTIONS  44

2.8         RISK ASSESSMENT         44

2.8.1      MEDICAL LASERS MARKET: RISK ASSESSMENT 44

2.9         GROWTH RATE ASSUMPTIONS 45

3            EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 46

FIGURE 7           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2023 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 46

FIGURE 8           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2023 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION) 47

FIGURE 9           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY END USER, 2023 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION)          48

FIGURE 10         GEOGRAPHICAL SNAPSHOT OF MEDICAL LASERS MARKET              49

4            PREMIUM INSIGHTS      50

4.1         MEDICAL LASERS MARKET OVERVIEW 50

FIGURE 11         RISING NUMBER OF NON-SURGICAL COSMETIC PROCEDURES TO DRIVE MARKET       50

4.2         SOLID-STATE MEDICAL LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023 VS. 2028 (USD MILLION)     51

FIGURE 12         ND:YAG LASER SYSTEMS TO DOMINATE MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD       51

4.3         REGIONAL ANALYSIS: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY END USER (2022)              51

FIGURE 13         NORTH AMERICA DOMINATED MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR ALL END-USER SEGMENTS IN 2022 51

4.4         MEDICAL LASERS MARKET: GEOGRAPHIC GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES              52

FIGURE 14         INDIA TO REGISTER HIGHEST GROWTH FOR MEDICAL LASER PRODUCTS DURING FORECAST PERIOD            52

5            MARKET OVERVIEW     53

5.1         INTRODUCTION            53

5.2         MARKET DYNAMICS     53

FIGURE 15         MEDICAL LASERS MARKET: DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES    53

5.2.1      DRIVERS            54

5.2.1.1   Technological advancements in medical laser technology           54

5.2.1.2   Increasing number of non-surgical cosmetic procedures            55

FIGURE 16         NUMBER OF NON-SURGICAL PROCEDURES PERFORMED GLOBALLY, 2018 VS. 2022           55

5.2.1.3   Rising demand for minimally invasive surgical procedures         56

5.2.1.4   Increasing incidence and prevalence of target diseases 57

5.2.1.5   Favorable reimbursement scenario  57

TABLE 1             REIMBURSEMENT SCENARIO IN US        58

5.2.2      RESTRAINTS     59

5.2.2.1   High cost of medical laser products and treatment       59

TABLE 2             SURGEON FEES FOR NON-SURGICAL PROCEDURES WITH MEDICAL LASERS          59

TABLE 3             SURGEON FEES FOR SURGICAL PROCEDURES WITH MEDICAL LASERS 59

5.2.2.2   Stringent safety regulations             60

5.2.3      OPPORTUNITIES           61

5.2.3.1   Growth of medical tourism 61

5.2.3.2   Growing applications of laser-based devices in diverse clinical areas        61

5.2.4      CHALLENGES   62

5.2.4.1   Risks associated with lasers 62

5.3         REGULATORY ANALYSIS            63

5.3.1      KEY REGULATORY BODIES AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES       63

TABLE 4             NORTH AMERICA: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS         63

TABLE 5             EUROPE: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS 63

TABLE 6             ASIA PACIFIC: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS         64

TABLE 7             REST OF THE WORLD: REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS         64

5.4         KEY REGULATORY GUIDELINES             64

5.4.1      US         64

5.4.2      CANADA            65

5.4.3      UK         65

5.4.4      FRANCE             65

5.4.5      GERMANY         65

5.4.6      CHINA  66

5.4.7      INDIA   66

5.4.8      BRAZIL 66

5.4.9      UAE      67

5.5         REIMBURSEMENT SCENARIO    67

TABLE 8             MAJOR CPT CODES FOR LASER PROCEDURES IN THE US              67

5.6         SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS          68

5.6.1      PROMINENT COMPANIES          68

5.6.2      SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES        68

5.6.3      END USERS       68

FIGURE 17         SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET   68

5.7         ECOSYSTEM MARKET MAP        69

TABLE 9             MEDICAL LASERS MARKET: ROLE IN ECOSYSTEM          69

5.8         PRICING ANALYSIS        70

FIGURE 18         AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF MEDICAL LASER SYSTEMS, BY TECHNOLOGY     70

FIGURE 19         AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND OF MEDICAL LASER SYSTEMS, BY REGION   71

5.9         TRADE ANALYSIS          71

5.9.1      TRADE ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL LASER SYSTEMS             71

TABLE 10           IMPORT DATA FOR LASER DEVICES (HS CODE 854370), BY COUNTRY, 2018–2022 (USD THOUSAND)            71

TABLE 11           EXPORT DATA FOR LASER DEVICES (HS CODE 854370), BY COUNTRY, 2018–2022 (USD THOUSAND)            72

TABLE 12           IMPORT DATA FOR LASERS (EXCLUDING DIODES) (HS CODE 901320), BY COUNTRY, 2018–2022 (USD THOUSAND)      72

TABLE 13           EXPORT DATA FOR LASERS (EXCLUDING DIODES) (HS CODE 901320), BY COUNTRY, 2018–2022 (USD THOUSAND)      73

5.10       PATENT ANALYSIS        74

FIGURE 20         PATENT DETAILS FOR MEDICAL LASERS (JANUARY 2013–NOVEMBER 2023)          74

5.11       PORTER’S FIVE FORCE ANALYSIS           75

TABLE 14           PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET              75

5.11.1    THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS    75

5.11.2    THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES         75

5.11.3    BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS     75

5.11.4    BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS           76

5.11.5    INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY 76

5.12       KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS IN 2024–2025 76

TABLE 15           LIST OF MAJOR CONFERENCES AND EVENTS IN MEDICAL LASERS MARKET IN 2023–2024   76

5.13       CASE STUDY ANALYSIS 78

5.13.1    CASE 1: IMPROVED PLATFORMS AND HIGHLY EFFECTIVE SUPPLY CHANNELS       78

5.13.2    CASE 2: REVOLUTIONIZING DENTAL CARE – HARNESSING DIODE LASERS FOR MINIMALLY INVASIVE PRECISION 78

5.14       TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS           79

5.15       TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER’S BUSINESS     79

5.16       EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES     80

5.17       KEY STAKEHOLDERS & BUYING CRITERIA          81

5.17.1    KEY STAKEHOLDERS    81

TABLE 16           CRITICAL STAKEHOLDER REQUIREMENT IN PURCHASE CRITERIA FOR MEDICAL LASER SYSTEMS          81

5.18       IMPACT ANALYSIS OF KEY BUYING CRITERIA   82

TABLE 17           KEY REQUIREMENTS OF STAKEHOLDERS ON BUYING CRITERIA AND THEIR IMPACT ON PURCHASE DECISION           82

5.19       CUSTOMER UNMET NEEDS AND KEY PAIN POINTS        83

6            MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY  84

6.1         INTRODUCTION            85

TABLE 18           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          85

6.2         SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS 85

TABLE 19           SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 86

TABLE 20           SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 86

TABLE 21           SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     87

6.2.1      ER:YAG LASER SYSTEMS             87

6.2.1.1   Increasing demand for Er:YAG laser systems in medicine to propel market              87

TABLE 22           ER:YAG LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          88

6.2.2      ND:YAG LASER SYSTEMS            88

6.2.2.1   Exhibit versatility across various disciplines    88

TABLE 23           ND:YAG LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          89

6.2.3      HO:YAG LASER SYSTEMS           89

6.2.3.1   Highly versatile tool in endourology 89

TABLE 24           HO:YAG LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          90

6.2.4      ALEXANDRITE LASER SYSTEMS 90

6.2.4.1   Effective in dermatological procedures to treat pigmented lesions and tattoos              90

TABLE 25           ALEXANDRITE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     91

6.2.5      OTHER SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS 92

TABLE 26           OTHER SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          92

6.3         GAS LASER SYSTEMS     93

TABLE 27           GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          93

TABLE 28           GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          94

TABLE 29           GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          94

6.3.1      CO2 LASER SYSTEMS     95

6.3.1.1   Minimal postoperative swelling and reduced risk of tissue scarring to support market growth     95

TABLE 30           CO2 LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          96

6.3.2      ARGON LASER SYSTEMS            96

6.3.2.1   Rising popularity of argon-based laser systems in medical field to favor market growth   96

TABLE 31           ARGON LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          97

6.3.3      KRYPTON LASER SYSTEMS        97

6.3.3.1   Involve an external light source to excite krypton atoms to higher energy states              97

TABLE 32           KRYPTON LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 98

6.3.4      EXCIMER LASER SYSTEMS          98

6.3.4.1   Expansion and advancements in industrial applications to drive growth   98

TABLE 33           EXCIMER LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 99

6.3.5      OTHER GAS LASER SYSTEMS     99

TABLE 34           OTHER GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 100

6.4         PULSED DYE LASER SYSTEMS   100

6.4.1      INCREASING NUMBER OF DERMATOLOGY AND COSMETIC SURGERY TREATMENT PROCEDURES TO DRIVE MARKET             100

TABLE 35           PULSED DYE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 101

TABLE 36           PULSED DYE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     101

6.5         DIODE LASER SYSTEMS 102

6.5.1      TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES TO SUPPORT MARKET GROWTH    102

TABLE 37           DIODE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          102

TABLE 38           DIODE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 103

6.6         OTHER TECHNOLOGIES            103

TABLE 39           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR OTHER TECHNOLOGIES, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)       104

TABLE 40           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR OTHER TECHNOLOGIES, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)    104

7            MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY APPLICATION   105

7.1         INTRODUCTION            106

TABLE 41           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          106

7.2         AESTHETIC/COSMETIC APPLICATIONS 106

TABLE 42           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR AESTHETIC/COSMETIC APPLICATIONS, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)      107

7.2.1      HAIR REMOVAL             107

7.2.1.1   Laser hair removal gained traction in emerging economies         107

TABLE 43           TOP FIVE COUNTRIES PERFORMING HAIR REMOVAL TREATMENT    108

TABLE 44           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR HAIR REMOVAL, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          109

7.2.2      TATTOO REMOVAL      109

7.2.2.1   Improved safety and efficacy of tattoo removal procedures to drive market              109

TABLE 45           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR TATTOO REMOVAL, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)       110

7.2.3      ACNE AND SCAR REMOVAL       110

7.2.3.1   Rising population and expanded portfolio of acne and scar removal devices to drive market   110

TABLE 46           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR ACNE AND SCAR REMOVAL, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)       111

7.2.4      OTHER AESTHETIC APPLICATIONS       111

TABLE 47           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR OTHER AESTHETIC APPLICATIONS, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 112

7.3         DERMATOLOGY APPLICATIONS            112

7.3.1      GROWING ADOPTION OF LASER ABLATION IN AESTHETIC APPLICATIONS TO SUPPORT MARKET GROWTH           112

TABLE 48           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR DERMATOLOGY APPLICATIONS, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 113

7.4         DENTAL APPLICATIONS            113

7.4.1      TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANTAGES IN LASER-ASSISTED DENTAL SURGERIES TO SUPPORT MARKET GROWTH    113

TABLE 49           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR DENTAL APPLICATIONS, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)       114

7.5         UROLOGY APPLICATIONS         115

7.5.1      INCREASING INCIDENCE OF UROLOGICAL DISORDERS TO DRIVE MARKET            115

TABLE 50           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR UROLOGY APPLICATIONS, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)       116

7.6         OPHTHALMOLOGY APPLICATIONS      116

7.6.1      RISING DEMAND IN LASER-ASSISTED OPHTHALMIC SURGERIES TO DRIVE MARKET 116

TABLE 51           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR OPHTHALMOLOGY APPLICATIONS, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 117

7.7         OB/GYN APPLICATIONS            117

7.7.1      RISING INCIDENCE OF GYNECOLOGICAL DISORDERS TO DRIVE MARKET            117

TABLE 52           MAJOR LASER TECHNOLOGIES USED FOR GYNECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 118

TABLE 53           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR OB/GYN APPLICATIONS, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)       118

7.8         ONCOLOGY APPLICATIONS      119

7.8.1      RISING PREVALENCE OF CANCER TO DRIVE MARKET   119

FIGURE 21         NUMBER OF NEW CANCER CASES, 2023 119

FIGURE 22         NUMBER OF CANCER DEATHS, 2023      120

TABLE 54           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR ONCOLOGY APPLICATIONS, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)  121

7.9         CARDIOVASCULAR APPLICATIONS       121

7.9.1      RISING INCLINATION AMONG PATIENTS TOWARD MINIMALLY INVASIVE PROCEDURES TO SUPPORT MARKET GROWTH          121

TABLE 55           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR CARDIOVASCULAR APPLICATIONS, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 122

7.10       OTHER APPLICATIONS 123

TABLE 56           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)       123

8            MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY END USER          124

8.1         INTRODUCTION            125

TABLE 57           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          125

8.2         HOSPITALS AND SURGICAL CENTERS   125

8.2.1      INCREASING OUTSOURCING OF MEDICAL LASER TREATMENT TO HOSPITALS AND SURGICAL CENTERS TO DRIVE GROWTH        125

TABLE 58           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR HOSPITALS AND SURGICAL CENTERS, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)           126

8.3         DERMATOLOGY AND DENTAL CLINICS             127

8.3.1      INCREASING NUMBER OF DERMATOLOGY AND DENTAL CLINICS TO SUPPORT MARKET GROWTH    127

TABLE 59           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR DERMATOLOGY AND DENTAL CLINICS, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)             127

8.4         MEDICAL AND BEAUTY SPAS    128

8.4.1      INCREASING DEMAND FOR COSMETIC AND AESTHETIC TREATMENTS TO DRIVE ADOPTION   128

TABLE 60           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR MEDICAL AND BEAUTY SPAS, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)  129

8.5         HOME USE AND SELF-CARE      129

8.5.1      GROWING FOCUS ON INNOVATIVE MEDICAL AESTHETICS TREATMENT TO DRIVE MARKET           129

TABLE 61           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR HOME USE AND SELF-CARE, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)  130

8.6         OTHER END USERS        130

TABLE 62           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET FOR OTHER END USERS, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)       130

9            MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY REGION 131

9.1         INTRODUCTION            132

TABLE 63           MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY REGION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          132

9.2         NORTH AMERICA          133

9.2.1      RECESSION IMPACT ON NORTH AMERICAN MEDICAL LASERS MARKET              133

FIGURE 23         NORTH AMERICA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET SNAPSHOT              134

TABLE 64           NORTH AMERICA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          135

TABLE 65           NORTH AMERICA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          135

TABLE 66           NORTH AMERICA: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)             136

TABLE 67           NORTH AMERICA: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          136

TABLE 68           NORTH AMERICA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)           137

TABLE 69           NORTH AMERICA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          137

9.2.2      US         138

9.2.2.1   Presence of developed healthcare system and numerous established medical laser companies to drive market 138

TABLE 70           US: NUMBER OF MEDICAL LASER PROCEDURES, 2018–2022              138

TABLE 71           US: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 139

TABLE 72           US: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     139

TABLE 73           US: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          140

9.2.3      CANADA            140

9.2.3.1   Increased awareness about noninvasive laser procedures to drive market 140

TABLE 74           CANADA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     141

TABLE 75           CANADA: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          141

TABLE 76           CANADA: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 142

9.3         EUROPE             142

9.3.1      RECESSION IMPACT ON EUROPEAN MEDICAL LASERS MARKET              143

TABLE 77           EUROPE: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 143

TABLE 78           EUROPE: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     144

TABLE 79           EUROPE: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          144

TABLE 80           EUROPE: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 145

TABLE 81           EUROPE: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     145

TABLE 82           EUROPE: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 146

9.3.2      GERMANY         146

9.3.2.1   Increasing research on laser-assisted surgical procedures to propel market              146

TABLE 83           GERMANY: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          147

TABLE 84           GERMANY: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          147

TABLE 85           GERMANY: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 148

9.3.3      FRANCE             148

9.3.3.1   Stringent government regulations related to cosmetic surgeries to limit market              148

TABLE 86           FRANCE: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     149

TABLE 87           FRANCE: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          149

TABLE 88           FRANCE: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 150

9.3.4      UK         150

9.3.4.1   Increasing number of cosmetic surgeries to support market growth          150

TABLE 89           UK: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 151

TABLE 90           UK: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     151

TABLE 91           UK: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          152

9.3.5      ITALY   152

9.3.5.1   Growing medical tourism to drive market      152

TABLE 92           ITALY: NUMBER OF MEDICAL LASER PROCEDURES, 2018–2022              153

TABLE 93           ITALY: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     153

TABLE 94           ITALY: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     154

TABLE 95           ITALY: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          154

9.3.6      SPAIN   155

9.3.6.1   Growing demand for cosmetic procedures and rising availability of safe, minimally invasive treatment procedures to drive market             155

TABLE 96           SPAIN: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     156

TABLE 97           SPAIN: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     156

TABLE 98           SPAIN: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          157

9.3.7      REST OF EUROPE           157

TABLE 99           REST OF EUROPE: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          158

TABLE 100         REST OF EUROPE: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)             158

TABLE 101         REST OF EUROPE: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          159

9.4         ASIA PACIFIC    159

TABLE 102         ASIA PACIFIC: NUMBER OF MEDICAL PROCEDURES, BY COUNTRY, 2022 160

9.4.1      RECESSION IMPACT ON ASIA PACIFIC MEDICAL LASERS MARKET              160

FIGURE 24         ASIA PACIFIC: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET SNAPSHOT   161

TABLE 103         ASIA PACIFIC: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     162

TABLE 104         ASIA PACIFIC: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          162

TABLE 105         ASIA PACIFIC: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)             163

TABLE 106         ASIA PACIFIC: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     163

TABLE 107         ASIA PACIFIC: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          164

TABLE 108         ASIA PACIFIC: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     164

9.4.2      JAPAN  165

9.4.2.1   Faster implementation of innovative technologies to drive market            165

TABLE 109         JAPAN: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     166

TABLE 110         JAPAN: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     166

TABLE 111         JAPAN: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          167

9.4.3      CHINA  167

9.4.3.1   Rise in accessibility of laser surgery apps and online services to support market growth   167

TABLE 112         CHINA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     168

TABLE 113         CHINA: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          168

TABLE 114         CHINA: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 169

9.4.4      INDIA   169

9.4.4.1   Increasing incidence of target diseases to drive demand             169

TABLE 115         INDIA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     170

TABLE 116         INDIA: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     170

TABLE 117         INDIA: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          171

9.4.5      AUSTRALIA       171

9.4.5.1   Rising demand for noninvasive procedures to propel market      171

TABLE 118         AUSTRALIA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          172

TABLE 119         AUSTRALIA: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          172

TABLE 120         AUSTRALIA: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 173

9.4.6      SOUTH KOREA 173

9.4.6.1   Increasing demand for medical laser treatments to drive market 173

TABLE 121         SOUTH KOREA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          174

TABLE 122         SOUTH KOREA: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)             174

TABLE 123         SOUTH KOREA: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     175

9.4.7      REST OF ASIA PACIFIC  175

TABLE 124         REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          175

TABLE 125        REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)       176

TABLE 126         REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          176

9.5         LATIN AMERICA             177

9.5.1      RECESSION IMPACT ON LATIN AMERICAN MEDICAL LASERS MARKET              177

TABLE 127         LATIN AMERICA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          178

TABLE 128         LATIN AMERICA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          178

TABLE 129         LATIN AMERICA: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)             179

TABLE 130         LATIN AMERICA: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     179

TABLE 131        LATIN AMERICA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          180

TABLE 132         LATIN AMERICA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          180

9.5.2      BRAZIL 181

9.5.2.1   Increased awareness of advanced laser procedures to drive market           181

TABLE 133         BRAZIL: NUMBER OF MEDICAL AESTHETIC PROCEDURES, 2022              181

TABLE 134         BRAZIL: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     182

TABLE 135         BRAZIL: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          182

TABLE 136         BRAZIL: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 183

9.5.3      MEXICO             183

9.5.3.1   Increase in patient inflow for laser treatment procedures to drive market 183

TABLE 137         MEXICO: NUMBER OF MEDICAL PROCEDURES, 2022      184

TABLE 138         MEXICO: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)     184

TABLE 139         MEXICO: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          185

TABLE 140         MEXICO: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION) 185

9.5.4      REST OF LATIN AMERICA          186

TABLE 141         REST OF LATIN AMERICA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          186

TABLE 142         REST OF LATIN AMERICA: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)    187

TABLE 143         REST OF LATIN AMERICA: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)             187

9.6         MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA             188

9.6.1      GROWING DEMAND FOR AESTHETIC TREATMENTS TO DRIVE MARKET            188

9.6.2      RECESSION IMPACT ON MIDDLE EAST & AFRICAN MEDICAL LASERS MARKET            188

TABLE 144         MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY TECHNOLOGY, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)          189

TABLE 145         MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: SOLID-STATE LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)    189

TABLE 146         MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: GAS LASER SYSTEMS MARKET, BY TYPE, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)             190

TABLE 147         MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY APPLICATION, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)           190

TABLE 148         MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, BY END USER, 2021–2028 (USD MILLION)             191

10          COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE       192

10.1       OVERVIEW        192

10.2       STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY KEY PLAYERS           192

10.2.1    OVERVIEW OF STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY PLAYERS IN MEDICAL LASERS MARKET            193

TABLE 149         OVERVIEW OF STRATEGIES DEPLOYED BY KEY MANUFACTURING COMPANIES             193

10.3       REVENUE SHARE ANALYSIS       194

FIGURE 25         REVENUE SHARE ANALYSIS OF TOP PLAYERS IN MEDICAL LASERS MARKET, 2020–2022 (USD MILLION)      194

10.4       MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS         195

10.4.1    DENTAL PRODUCTS MARKET SHARE   195

FIGURE 26         DENTAL PRODUCTS MARKET SHARE, BY KEY PLAYER, 2022              195

10.4.2    AESTHETIC AND DERMATOLOGY PRODUCTS MARKET SHARE 195

FIGURE 27         AESTHETIC AND DERMATOLOGY PRODUCTS MARKET SHARE, BY KEY PLAYER, 2022    195

10.4.3    OPHTHALMOLOGY PRODUCTS MARKET SHARE            196

FIGURE 28         OPHTHALMOLOGY PRODUCTS MARKET SHARE, BY KEY PLAYER, 2022    196

TABLE 150         MEDICAL LASERS MARKET: DEGREE OF COMPETITION              196

10.5       COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX          198

10.5.1    STARS  198

10.5.2    EMERGING LEADERS    198

10.5.3    PERVASIVE PLAYERS     198

10.5.4    PARTICIPANTS 198

FIGURE 29         MEDICAL LASERS MARKET: COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX, 2022      199

10.6       STARTUP/SME EVALUATION MATRIX   200

10.6.1    PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES       200

10.6.2    RESPONSIVE COMPANIES          200

10.6.3    DYNAMIC COMPANIES 200

10.6.4    STARTING BLOCKS       200

FIGURE 30         MEDICAL LASERS MARKET: STARTUP/SME EVALUATION MATRIX, 2022    201

10.7       COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING            202

10.7.1    PRODUCT AND REGIONAL FOOTPRINT ANALYSIS        202

TABLE 151         TECHNOLOGY AND REGIONAL FOOTPRINT ANALYSIS OF TOP PLAYERS IN MEDICAL LASERS MARKET 202

TABLE 152         TECHNOLOGY FOOTPRINT      203

TABLE 153         REGIONAL FOOTPRINT             204

10.8       COMPETITIVE SCENARIO AND TRENDS             205

10.8.1    PRODUCT LAUNCHES & APPROVALS (JANUARY 2020–NOVEMBER 2023)              205

10.8.2    DEALS (JANUARY 2020–NOVEMBER 2023)           208

11          COMPANY PROFILES    210

11.1       KEY PLAYERS   210

(Business Overview, Products/Services/Solutions Offered, MnM View, Key Strengths and Right to Win, Strategic Choices Made, Weaknesses and Competitive Threats, Recent Developments)*

11.1.1    BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION    210

TABLE 154         BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION: COMPANY OVERVIEW              210

FIGURE 31         BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022)   211

11.1.2    JOHNSON & JOHNSON VISION CARE, INC.          213

TABLE 155         JOHNSON & JOHNSON VISION CARE, INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW        213

FIGURE 32         JOHNSON & JOHNSON SERVICES, INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022)   214

11.1.3    ALCON INC.      216

TABLE 156         ALCON INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW       216

FIGURE 33         ALCON INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022)         217

11.1.4    CYNOSURE        219

TABLE 157         CYNOSURE: COMPANY OVERVIEW        219

11.1.5    CARL ZEISS MEDITEC AG           222

TABLE 158         CARL ZEISS MEDITEC AG: COMPANY OVERVIEW            222

FIGURE 34         CARL ZEISS MEDITEC AG: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022) 223

11.1.6    CANDELA CORPORATION         226

TABLE 159         CANDELA CORPORATION: COMPANY OVERVIEW          226

11.1.7    LUMENIS BE LTD.          228

TABLE 160         LUMENIS BE LTD.: COMPANY OVERVIEW          228

11.1.8    CUTERA, INC.   230

TABLE 161         CUTERA, INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW    230

FIGURE 35         CUTERA, INC: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022)       231

11.1.9    BAUSCH HEALTH COMPANIES INC.       233

TABLE 162         BAUSCH HEALTH COMPANIES INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW              233

FIGURE 36         BAUSCH HEALTH COMPANIES INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022)   234

11.1.10  EL.EN. S.P.A.     236

TABLE 163         EL.EN. S.P.A.: COMPANY OVERVIEW      236

FIGURE 37         EL.EN. S.P.A.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022)        237

11.1.11  ALMA LASERS   241

TABLE 164         ALMA LASERS: COMPANY OVERVIEW   241

FIGURE 38         SISRAM MEDICAL LTD.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022)   242

11.1.12  FOTONA            244

TABLE 165         FOTONA: COMPANY OVERVIEW            244

11.1.13  AEROLASE CORP.          247

TABLE 166         AEROLASE CORP.: COMPANY OVERVIEW           247

11.1.14  SCITON              249

TABLE 167         SCITON: COMPANY OVERVIEW 249

11.1.15  LUTRONIC        250

TABLE 168         LUTRONIC: COMPANY OVERVIEW         250

11.1.16  IPG PHOTONICS CORPORATION           252

TABLE 169         IPG PHOTONICS CORPORATION: COMPANY OVERVIEW              252

FIGURE 39         IPG PHOTONICS CORPORATION: COMPANY SNAPSHOT (2022)              253

11.1.17  BISON MEDICAL.           254

TABLE 170         BISON MEDICAL: COMPANY OVERVIEW             254

11.1.18  AMD LASERS     256

TABLE 171         AMD LASERS: COMPANY OVERVIEW     256

*Business Overview, Products/Services/Solutions Offered, MnM View, Key Strengths and Right to Win, Strategic Choices Made, Weaknesses and Competitive Threats, Recent Developments might not be captured in case of unlisted companies.

11.2       OTHER PLAYERS           257

11.2.1    ZOLAR TECHNOLOGY & MFG. CO. INC. 257

11.2.2    IRIDEX CORPORATION 258

11.2.3    SHARPLIGHT TECHNOLOGIES INC.       259

11.2.4    EUFOTON S.R.L.             260

11.2.5    A.R.C. LASER GMBH       261

11.2.6    OMNIGUIDE HOLDINGS, INC.   262

11.2.7    AMPLITUDE LASER       263

11.2.8    AKELA LASER CORPORATION   264

11.2.9    LASOS LASERTECHNIK GMBH  265

11.2.10  LIGHT INSTRUMENTS LTD.       266

12          APPENDIX         267

12.1       DISCUSSION GUIDE      267

12.2       KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL             271

12.3       CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS      273

12.4       RELATED REPORTS       273

12.5       AUTHOR DETAILS         274