データセンターGPU市場 : 2028年までの世界予測

Report Overview

The data center GPU market is projected to grow from USD 14.3 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 63.0 billion by 2028; it is expected to grow at a CAGR of 34.6% from 2023 to 2028.
The rising focus on parallel computing in artificial intelligence (AI) data centers, growing use of deep learning technology in big data analytics, increasing data traffic and need for high computing power, has paved way for their growth in recent years.  However, high costs associated with data center GPUs is limiting the growth of the data center GPU market.

“Enterprises end user segment of the data center GPU market to hold largest market share during the forecast period.”
Enterprises across various industries, such as finance, healthcare, retail, and manufacturing, have diverse workloads that require data center GPUs. These workloads encompass AI and machine learning, data analytics, virtualization, and graphics-intensive applications. Enterprises are increasingly integrating AI and machine learning into their operations, from improving customer experiences to optimizing supply chains. Data center GPUs are essential for training and running AI models, which is driving demand. Enterprises engaged in scientific research, engineering simulations, or other computationally intensive tasks benefit from data center GPUs. These GPUs enhance the performance of high-performance computing (HPC) clusters. Data center GPUs are highly scalable, making them suitable for enterprises that need to expand their computational resources as their businesses grow.

“Cloud deployment to account witness higher growth compared to the on-premise segment during the forecast period.”
The cloud deployment is projected to grow at a higher rate during the forecast period. The cloud deployment mode provides benefits such as reduced operational costs, hassle-free deployment, high scalability, easy data accessibility, faster access to critical data, and low capital requirement. The demand for the cloud deployment mode for NLP and ML tools in AI is expected to increase with the growing awareness of the benefits of cloud-based solutions. AI solution providers are focusing on the development of robust cloud-based solutions for their clients as many organizations have migrated from on-premises to either private or public cloud. The growth in the adoption of AI is leading to changes in cloud server configuration. The cloud computing market has witnessed significant growth in recent years owing to the surge in the volume of data being transferred to the cloud from consumers. This has fueled the demand for GPU accelerators. The GPUs optimize data processing at the servers by reducing the latency.

 “Inference function to exhibit significant growth for the data center GPU market during forecast period”
The inference function is expected to exhibit significant growth during the forecast period. Inference is sensitive to latency, and the trained model needs to analyze and provide analysis in near real-time. The requirement of the infrastructure for model deployment to process data at the fastest rate is expected to drive the market for inference.

“North America to witness significant growth for the data center GPU market during the forecast period” North America is projected to exhibit significant growth for the data center GPU market during the forecast period. It is the largest market for data center GPUs. North America has been the most promising region across verticals, such as BFSI, retail and eCommerce, telecom, enterprises etc. The government and public sector have also joined the race to become technologically advanced to cater to a large customer base. North America is contributing significantly to the data center GPU market and is expected to grow further.

In the process of determining and verifying the market size for several segments and subsegments gathered through secondary research, extensive primary interviews have been conducted with key industry experts in the data center GPU market space. The break-up of primary participants for the report has been shown below:
By Company Type: Tier 1 – 40%, Tier 2 – 40%, and Tier 3 – 20% By Designation: C-level Executives – 40%, Directors –40%, and Others – 20% By Region: North America –30%, Europe – 20%, Asia Pacific– 40%,  and RoW – 10% 

The report profiles key players in data center GPU market with their respective market ranking analysis. Prominent players profiled in this report include NVIDIA Corporation (NVIDIA) (US), Intel Corporation (Intel) (US), Advanced Micro Devices, Inc (AMD) (US), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (Samsung) (South Korea), Micron Technology, Inc. (Micron) (US), Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. (US), International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) (US), Google Inc. (Google) (US), Microsoft Corporation (Microsoft) (US), Imagination Technologies (UK), Advantech Co., Ltd. (Taiwan), Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. (Huawei) (China), ZOTAC Technology Ltd. (Hong Kong), Apple Inc. (US), GIGABYTE Technology Co., Ltd. (Taiwan), Arm Ltd. (UK), and Graphcore (UK).

Research Coverage: This research report categorizes the data center GPU market on the basis of deployment type, function,  end user and region.  The report describes the major drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities pertaining to the data center GPU market and forecasts the same till 2028. Apart from these, the report also consists of leadership mapping and analysis of all the companies included in the data center GPU market ecosystem.

Key Benefits of Buying the Report
The report will help the market leaders/new entrants in this market with information on the closest approximations of the revenue numbers for the overall data center GPU market and the subsegments. This report will help stakeholders understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights to position their businesses better and to plan suitable go-to-market strategies. The report also helps stakeholders understand the pulse of the market and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities. 

The report provides insights on the following pointers:
• Analysis of key drivers (Rising focus on parallel computing in artificial intelligence (AI) data centers, Growing use of deep learning technology in big data analytics, Increasing data traffic and need for high computing power, Rising adoption of data center GPUs in enterprises), restraints (High costs associated with data center GPUs), opportunities (Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based solutions into defense systems, Growing potential of GPUs in the healthcare sector, Emerging trend of autonomous vehicles) and challenges (Security concerns associated with data center GPUs, Issues related to interconnectivity) influencing the growth of the data center GPU market. 
• Product Development/Innovation: Detailed insights on upcoming technologies, research & development activities, and new product & service launches in the data center GPU market. Market Development: Comprehensive information about lucrative markets – the report analyses the data center GPU market across varied regions
• Market Diversification: Exhaustive information about new products & services, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments in the data center GPU market.
• Competitive Assessment: In-depth assessment of market shares, growth strategies and service offerings of leading players like NVIDIA Corporation (NVIDIA) (US), Intel Corporation (Intel) (US), Advanced Micro Devices, Inc (AMD) (US), among others in the data center GPU market.

Table of Contents

1               INTRODUCTION        21

1.1            STUDY OBJECTIVES 21

1.2            MARKET DEFINITION                21

1.2.1        INCLUSIONS AND EXCLUSIONS               22

1.3            STUDY SCOPE          22

1.3.1        MARKETS COVERED                 22

FIGURE 1 DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: SEGMENTATION        22

1.3.2        REGIONAL SCOPE   23

1.3.3        YEARS CONSIDERED                23

1.4            CURRENCY CONSIDERED        23

1.5            UNITS CONSIDERED                 24

1.6            LIMITATIONS            24

1.7            STAKEHOLDERS      24

1.8            RECESSION ANALYSIS             25

FIGURE 2 GDP GROWTH PROJECTION TILL 2023 FOR MAJOR ECONOMIES           25

2               RESEARCH METHODOLOGY    27

2.1            RESEARCH DATA     27

FIGURE 3 DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: RESEARCH DESIGN  27

2.1.1        SECONDARY DATA   28

2.1.1.1     List of key secondary sources 28

2.1.1.2     Key data from secondary sources           29

2.1.2        PRIMARY DATA         29

2.1.2.1     Interviews with experts            29

2.1.2.2     Breakdown of primaries          30

2.1.3        SECONDARY AND PRIMARY RESEARCH  31

2.1.3.1     Key industry insights                31

2.2            MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION      32

FIGURE 4 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY: REVENUE ESTIMATION OF MARKET PLAYERS                  32

2.2.1        BOTTOM-UP APPROACH          32

2.2.1.1     Approach to estimate market size using bottom-up analysis (demand side)          33

FIGURE 5 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY: BOTTOM-UP APPROACH   33

2.2.2        TOP-DOWN APPROACH            33

2.2.2.1     Approach to estimate market share using top-down analysis (supply side)            34

FIGURE 6 MARKET SIZE ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY: TOP-DOWN APPROACH    34

2.3            MARKET BREAKDOWN AND DATA TRIANGULATION                 35

FIGURE 7 DATA TRIANGULATION              35

2.4            RESEARCH ASSUMPTIONS     36

2.5            RISK ASSESSMENT 36

2.5.1        PARAMETERS CONSIDERED TO ANALYZE RECESSION IMPACT ON DATA CENTER GPU MARKET  37

2.6            LIMITATIONS            37

3               EXECUTIVE SUMMARY             38

3.1            GROWTH RATE ASSUMPTIONS/FORECAST             38

FIGURE 8 DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, 2019–2028              39

FIGURE 9 TRAINING SEGMENT TO EXHIBIT HIGHER CAGR IN DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY FUNCTION, DURING FORECAST PERIOD 40

FIGURE 10                ON-PREMISES SEGMENT TO ACCOUNT FOR LARGER SHARE OF DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE, DURING FORECAST PERIOD      40

FIGURE 11                CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS SEGMENT TO REGISTER HIGHEST CAGR IN DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, DURING FORECAST PERIOD      41

FIGURE 12                ASIA PACIFIC TO REGISTER HIGHEST CAGR IN DATA CENTER GPU MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD    42

4               PREMIUM INSIGHTS                 43

4.1            ATTRACTIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PLAYERS IN DATA CENTER GPU MARKET         43

FIGURE 13                RISING DEMAND FOR DATA CENTER GPUS AMONG CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS TO DRIVE MARKET  43

4.2            DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE             43

FIGURE 14                CLOUD SEGMENT TO REGISTER HIGHEST CAGR DURING FORECAST PERIOD                  43

4.3            ASIA PACIFIC: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER AND COUNTRY             44

FIGURE 15                CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS END-USER SEGMENT AND CHINA HELD LARGEST SHARES OF ASIA PACIFIC DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN 2022             44

4.4            DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY FUNCTION            44

FIGURE 16                TRAINING SEGMENT TO COMMAND LARGER MARKET SHARE DURING FORECAST PERIOD  44

4.5            DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER            45

FIGURE 17                ENTERPRISES SEGMENT TO ACCOUNT FOR LARGER MARKET SHARE DURING FORECAST PERIOD  45

4.6            DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY COUNTRY             45

FIGURE 18                INDIA TO BE FASTEST-GROWING COUNTRY-LEVEL DATA CENTER GPU MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD    45

5               MARKET OVERVIEW 46

5.1            INTRODUCTION        46

5.2            MARKET DYNAMICS                 46

FIGURE 19                DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: DRIVERS, RESTRAINTS, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES           46

5.2.1        DRIVERS  47

FIGURE 20                ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF DRIVERS ON DATA CENTER GPU MARKET      47

5.2.1.1     Rising focus on parallel computing in artificial intelligence (AI) data centers         47

5.2.1.2     Growing use of deep learning technology in big data analytics               48

5.2.1.3     Increasing data traffic and need for high computing power   48

5.2.1.4     Rising adoption of data center GPUs among enterprises       49

5.2.2        RESTRAINTS             49

FIGURE 21                ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF RESTRAINTS ON DATA CENTER GPU MARKET                  49

5.2.2.1     High costs associated with data center GPUs         50

5.2.3        OPPORTUNITIES      50

FIGURE 22                ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF OPPORTUNITIES ON DATA CENTER GPU MARKET                  50

5.2.3.1     Integration of AI-based solutions into defense systems          51

5.2.3.2     Increasing recognition of potential applications of GPUs in healthcare sector      51

5.2.3.3     Rising popularity of autonomous vehicles               52

5.2.4        CHALLENGES           53

FIGURE 23                ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF CHALLENGES ON DATA CENTER GPU MARKET                  53

5.2.4.1     Security concerns associated with data center GPUs              53

5.2.4.2     Issues related to interconnectivity          53

5.3            VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS           54

FIGURE 24                DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS            54

5.4            ECOSYSTEM/MARKET MAP    55

FIGURE 25                DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: ECOSYSTEM ANALYSIS             55

TABLE 1   DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: ROLE OF PLAYERS IN ECOSYSTEM           56

5.5            AVERAGE SELLING PRICE (ASP) ANALYSIS              57

TABLE 2   PRICING ANALYSIS OF DATA CENTER GPUS, 2022 57

5.5.1        AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF DATA CENTER GPUS OFFERED BY KEY PLAYERS, BY FUNCTION                 58

FIGURE 26                AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF DATA CENTER GPUS OFFERED BY KEY PLAYERS, BY FUNCTION           58

TABLE 3   AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF DATA CENTER GPUS OFFERED BY KEY PLAYERS, BY FUNCTION                 58

5.5.2        AVERAGE SELLING PRICE TREND            58

FIGURE 27                AVERAGE SELLING PRICE OF DATA CENTER GPUS 58

5.6            TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS  59

FIGURE 28                TRENDS/DISRUPTIONS IMPACTING CUSTOMER BUSINESS  59

5.7            TECHNOLOGY ANALYSIS          59

5.7.1        KEY TECHNOLOGIES                59

5.7.1.1     Cloud graphics processing unit (GPU)     59

5.7.1.2     GPU virtualization    60

5.7.2        ADJACENT TECHNOLOGIES     60

5.7.2.1     Artificial intelligence (AI)          60

5.7.2.2     Deep learning in big data analytics         60

5.7.2.3     Parallel computing in data centers          60

5.8            PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS          61

TABLE 4   DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: IMPACT OF PORTER’S FIVE FORCES         61

FIGURE 29                PORTER’S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS          61

5.8.1        BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS      62

5.8.2        BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS            62

5.8.3        THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS   62

5.8.4        THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES        62

5.8.5        INTENSITY OF COMPETITIVE RIVALRY     62

5.9            KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND BUYING CRITERIA          63

5.9.1        KEY STAKEHOLDERS IN BUYING PROCESS             63

FIGURE 30                INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS ON BUYING PROCESS, BY END USER 63

TABLE 5   INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDERS ON BUYING PROCESS, BY END USER (%)            63

5.9.2        BUYING CRITERIA    64

FIGURE 31                KEY BUYING CRITERIA FOR END USERS 64

TABLE 6   KEY BUYING CRITERIA, BY END USER     64

5.10         CASE STUDY ANALYSIS            65

5.10.1      NVIDIA CORPORATION LAUNCHED WORLD’S FIRST GPU-ACCELERATED QUANTUM COMPUTING             65

5.10.2      IMAGINATION TECHNOLOGIES AND MOBICA PARTNERED TO CREATE VIRTUALIZED AUTOMOTIVE ENVIRONMENT  65

5.10.3      REALTEK LEVERAGED GPUS FROM IMAGINATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR USE IN DTV                  66

5.10.4      INTEL CORPORATION PROVIDED GPUS FOR USE IN AURORA SUPERCOMPUTER  66

5.10.5      INTEGRATION OF NVIDIA GPUS INTO GOOGLE CLOUD OFFERINGS ACCELERATED GENERATIVE AI APPLICATIONS                67

5.11         TRADE DATA ANALYSIS            67

TABLE 7   IMPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 847330-COMPLIANT PRODUCTS, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2022 (USD MILLION)         67

TABLE 8   EXPORT DATA FOR HS CODE 847330-COMPLIANT PRODUCTS, BY COUNTRY, 2018–2022 (USD MILLION)         68

5.12         PATENT ANALYSIS   68

TABLE 9   LIST OF MAJOR PATENTS PERTAINING TO DATA CENTER GPU MARKET 68

TABLE 10 TOP 20 PATENT OWNERS IN DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN LAST 10 YEARS       70

FIGURE 32                TOP 10 COMPANIES WITH HIGHEST NUMBER OF PATENT APPLICATIONS IN LAST 10 YEARS                 71

FIGURE 33                NUMBER OF PATENTS GRANTED PER YEAR, 2013–2023     71

5.13         TARIFFS   72

TABLE 11 MFN TARIFF FOR HS CODE 847330 EXPORTED BY US           72

TABLE 12 MFN TARIFF FOR HS CODE 847330 EXPORTED BY CHINA     72

5.14         KEY CONFERENCES AND EVENTS, 2023–2024    73

TABLE 13 DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: DETAILED LIST OF CONFERENCES AND EVENTS      73

5.15         STANDARDS             73

5.15.1      NIST SPECIAL PUBLICATION (SP) 800-53                73

5.15.2      DISTRIBUTED MANAGEMENT TASK FORCE STANDARDS        74

5.15.3      CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION MANDATES, NERC (NORTH AMERICA) 74

5.15.4      THE NETWORK AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS REGULATIONS 2018 (UK)               74

5.15.5      TELECOMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE STANDARD FOR DATA CENTERS          74

5.15.6      DISTRIBUTED MANAGEMENT TASK FORCE (DMTF) STANDARD              74

5.15.7      ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION (EIA)          74

5.15.8      TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION (TIA)          74

5.15.9      DATA CENTER SITE INFRASTRUCTURE TIER STANDARD (UPTIME INSTITUTE)        75

5.15.10   STORAGE NETWORKING INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION (SNIA) AND CLOUD DATA MANAGEMENT INFERENCE (CDMI) 75

5.16         REGULATORY LANDSCAPE      75

5.16.1      NORTH AMERICA     75

5.16.1.1  Export–import regulations      75

5.16.2      EUROPE   76

5.16.2.1  Restriction of Hazardous Substances (ROHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directives 76

5.16.2.2  Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)    76

5.16.2.3  General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)           77

TABLE 14 NORTH AMERICA: LIST OF REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS      77

TABLE 15 EUROPE: LIST OF REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS      78

TABLE 16 ASIA PACIFIC: LIST OF REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS      79

TABLE 17 ROW: LIST OF REGULATORY BODIES, GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS      80

6               DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE             81

6.1            INTRODUCTION        82

FIGURE 34                CLOUD SEGMENT TO REGISTER HIGHER CAGR DURING FORECAST PERIOD                  82

TABLE 18 DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  82

TABLE 19 DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  82

TABLE 20 DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, 2019–2022 (THOUSAND UNITS)              83

TABLE 21 DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, 2023–2028 (THOUSAND UNITS)              83

6.2            CLOUD     83

6.2.1        INCREASING AWARENESS OF BENEFITS OF CLOUD-BASED SOLUTIONS TO DRIVE SEGMENTAL GROWTH             83

TABLE 22 CLOUD: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY FUNCTION, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  85

TABLE 23 CLOUD: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY FUNCTION, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  85

TABLE 24 CLOUD: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)   85

TABLE 25 CLOUD: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)   85

6.3            ON-PREMISES          86

6.3.1        RISING INVESTMENTS IN ON-PREMISES DEPLOYMENTS FOR NLP AND ML TOOLS TO DRIVE SEGMENTAL GROWTH 86

TABLE 26 ON-PREMISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY FUNCTION, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  86

TABLE 27 ON-PREMISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY FUNCTION, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  86

TABLE 28 ON-PREMISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  87

TABLE 29 ON-PREMISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  87

7               DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY FUNCTION            88

7.1            INTRODUCTION        89

FIGURE 35                TRAINING SEGMENT TO DOMINATE MARKET DURING FORECAST PERIOD                  89

TABLE 30 DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY FUNCTION, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)              89

TABLE 31 DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY FUNCTION, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION               90

7.2            TRAINING 90

7.2.1        NEED TO REDUCE TRAINING TIME FOR SMALL DATASETS TO ACCELERATE ADOPTION OF GPUS       90

TABLE 32 TRAINING: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION) 91

TABLE 33 TRAINING: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION) 91

7.3            INFERENCE               91

7.3.1        ABILITY TO PERFORM MULTIPLE COMPUTATIONS SIMULTANEOUSLY TO BOOST ADOPTION OF GPUS FOR INFERENCE APPLICATIONS               91

TABLE 34 INFERENCE: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION) 92

TABLE 35 INFERENCE: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION) 93

8               DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER            94

8.1            INTRODUCTION        95

FIGURE 36                ENTERPRISES SEGMENT TO HOLD LARGEST MARKET SHARE DURING FORECAST PERIOD  95

TABLE 36 DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)             95

TABLE 37 DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)             95

8.2            CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS  96

8.2.1        RISING USE OF DATA CENTER GPUS FOR AI AND MACHINE LEARNING APPLICATIONS TO CONTRIBUTE TO MARKET GROWTH        96

TABLE 38 CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION) 97

TABLE 39 CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION) 97

TABLE 40 CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)  98

TABLE 41 CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)  98

TABLE 42 CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN EUROPE, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)   98

TABLE 43 CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN EUROPE, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)   99

TABLE 44 CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN ASIA PACIFIC, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)   99

TABLE 45 CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN ASIA PACIFIC, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)   99

TABLE 46 CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN ROW, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                100

TABLE 47 CLOUD SERVICE PROVIDERS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN ROW, BY REGION, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                100

8.3            ENTERPRISES          100

8.3.1        HEALTHCARE            100

8.3.1.1     Growing use of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models in medical field to propel market          100

8.3.2        BFSI         102

8.3.2.1     Increased use of GPUs by BFSI enterprises to design investment strategies to drive market                  102

8.3.3        AUTOMOTIVE            103

8.3.3.1     Rising popularity of autonomous cars to fuel adoption of GPUs             103

8.3.4        RETAIL & E-COMMERCE           104

8.3.4.1     Rising need to handle massive amounts of retail and e-commerce data to accelerate adoption of GPUs    104

8.3.5        MEDIA & ENTERTAINMENT      105

8.3.5.1     Increasing use of AI for content creation and recommendation to drive market   105

8.3.6        OTHERS   106

TABLE 48 ENTERPRISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  107

TABLE 49 ENTERPRISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY TYPE, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  107

TABLE 50 ENTERPRISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  108

TABLE 51 ENTERPRISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  108

TABLE 52 ENTERPRISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                108

TABLE 53 ENTERPRISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                109

TABLE 54 ENTERPRISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN EUROPE, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION) 109

TABLE 55 ENTERPRISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN EUROPE, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION) 109

TABLE 56 ENTERPRISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN ASIA PACIFIC, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)         110

TABLE 57 ENTERPRISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN ASIA PACIFIC, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)         110

TABLE 58 ENTERPRISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN ROW, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION) 110

TABLE 59 ENTERPRISES: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN ROW, BY REGION, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION) 111

8.4            GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS              111

8.4.1        RISING ADOPTION OF AI BY GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS TO TACKLE CYBERTERRORISM TO DRIVE MARKET   111

TABLE 60 GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)         112

TABLE 61 GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)         112

TABLE 62 GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)  113

TABLE 63 GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN NORTH AMERICA, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)  113

TABLE 64 GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN EUROPE, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)   113

TABLE 65 GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN EUROPE, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)   114

TABLE 66 GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN ASIA PACIFIC, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)  114

TABLE 67 GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN ASIA PACIFIC, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)  114

TABLE 68 GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN ROW, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                115

TABLE 69 GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET IN ROW, BY REGION, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                115

9               DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION                 116

9.1            INTRODUCTION        117

FIGURE 37                DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION                 117

FIGURE 38                ASIA PACIFIC TO REGISTER HIGHEST CAGR DURING FORECAST PERIOD                  117

TABLE 70 DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION) 117

TABLE 71 DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION) 118

9.2            NORTH AMERICA     118

9.2.1        NORTH AMERICA: RECESSION IMPACT   119

FIGURE 39                NORTH AMERICA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET SNAPSHOT   120

TABLE 72 NORTH AMERICA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  120

TABLE 73 NORTH AMERICA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  121

TABLE 74 NORTH AMERICA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  121

TABLE 75 NORTH AMERICA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  121

TABLE 76 NORTH AMERICA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION) 121

TABLE 77 NORTH AMERICA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION) 122

9.2.2        US             122

9.2.2.1     Large-scale deployment of modular and co-location facilities to drive market      122

TABLE 78 US: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)      123

TABLE 79 US: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)       124

9.2.3        CANADA   124

9.2.3.1     Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy to favor market growth     124

TABLE 80 CANADA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  126

TABLE 81 CANADA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  126

9.2.4        MEXICO   126

9.2.4.1     Rising investments in data center-related business opportunities to drive market                  126

TABLE 82 MEXICO: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  127

TABLE 83 MEXICO: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  127

9.3            EUROPE   128

9.3.1        EUROPE: RECESSION IMPACT 128

FIGURE 40                EUROPE: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET SNAPSHOT 129

TABLE 84 EUROPE: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  129

TABLE 85 EUROPE: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  130

TABLE 86 EUROPE: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  130

TABLE 87 EUROPE: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  130

TABLE 88 EUROPE: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION) 130

TABLE 89 EUROPE: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION) 131

9.3.2        UK            131

9.3.2.1     Increasing demand for AI-based solutions to create opportunities for market players                  131

TABLE 90 UK: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)      132

TABLE 91 UK: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)      132

9.3.3        GERMANY                 132

9.3.3.1     Growing adoption of cloud computing and Industry 4.0 technologies to contribute to market growth         132

TABLE 92 GERMANY: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  133

TABLE 93 GERMANY: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  133

9.3.4        FRANCE   134

9.3.4.1     Rising investment by venture capitalists in startups to develop AI ecosystem to foster market growth         134

TABLE 94 FRANCE: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  134

TABLE 95 FRANCE: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  135

9.3.5        REST OF EUROPE    135

TABLE 96 REST OF EUROPE: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION) 136

TABLE 97 REST OF EUROPE: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION) 136

9.4            ASIA PACIFIC            136

9.4.1        ASIA PACIFIC: RECESSION IMPACT          137

FIGURE 41                ASIA PACIFIC: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET SNAPSHOT          138

TABLE 98 ASIA PACIFIC: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  138

TABLE 99 ASIA PACIFIC: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY COUNTRY, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  139

TABLE 100               ASIA PACIFIC: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION) 139

TABLE 101               ASIA PACIFIC: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION) 139

TABLE 102               ASIA PACIFIC: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)         139

TABLE 103               ASIA PACIFIC: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)         140

9.4.2        CHINA      140

9.4.2.1     Increasing adoption of GPUs in manufacturing, automotive, and healthcare verticals to support market growth            140

TABLE 104               CHINA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  141

TABLE 105               CHINA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  141

9.4.3        JAPAN      142

9.4.3.1     Increasing use cases of AI across numerous applications to create conducive environment for market growth    142

TABLE 106               JAPAN: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  143

TABLE 107               JAPAN: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  143

9.4.4        INDIA        144

9.4.4.1     Increasing number of AI startups to accelerate market growth              144

TABLE 108               INDIA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  145

TABLE 109               INDIA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  145

9.4.5        SOUTH KOREA         145

9.4.5.1     Rising emphasis on enhancing AI infrastructure to boost adoption of GPUs          145

TABLE 110               SOUTH KOREA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION) 146

TABLE 111               SOUTH KOREA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION) 146

9.4.6        REST OF ASIA PACIFIC              146

TABLE 112               REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)         147

TABLE 113               REST OF ASIA PACIFIC: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)         147

9.5            ROW         147

9.5.1        ROW: RECESSION IMPACT      148

FIGURE 42                ROW: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET SNAPSHOT       149

TABLE 114               ROW: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  149

TABLE 115               ROW: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY REGION, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  150

TABLE 116               ROW: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                  150

TABLE 117               ROW: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                  150

TABLE 118               ROW: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION) 150

TABLE 119               ROW: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY DEPLOYMENT TYPE, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION) 151

9.5.2        SOUTH AMERICA      151

9.5.2.1     Expanding computing services market to create opportunities for market players                  151

TABLE 120               SOUTH AMERICA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION) 151

TABLE 121               SOUTH AMERICA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION) 152

9.5.3        MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA           152

9.5.3.1     Rise in smart mobile data traffic to drive market   152

TABLE 122               MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2019–2022 (USD MILLION)                153

TABLE 123               MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA: DATA CENTER GPU MARKET, BY END USER, 2023–2028 (USD MILLION)                153

10             COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE      154

10.1         INTRODUCTION        154

10.1.1      OVERVIEW OF KEY GROWTH STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY MAJOR COMPANIES        154

TABLE 124               OVERVIEW OF KEY GROWTH STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY MAJOR COMPANIES                  154

10.2         DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: REVENUE ANALYSIS 156

FIGURE 43                THREE-YEAR REVENUE ANALYSIS OF TOP THREE PLAYERS IN DATA CENTER GPU MARKET  156

10.3         MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2022            156

TABLE 125               DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: DEGREE OF COMPETITION       157

FIGURE 44                MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS, 2022            157

10.4         COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX               158

10.4.1      STARS      158

10.4.2      EMERGING LEADERS               158

10.4.3      PERVASIVE PLAYERS                159

10.4.4      PARTICIPANTS         159

FIGURE 45                DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: COMPANY EVALUATION MATRIX, 2022    159

10.4.5      COMPANY FOOTPRINT             160

TABLE 126               OVERALL COMPANY FOOTPRINT             160

TABLE 127               FUNCTION: COMPANY FOOTPRINT          161

TABLE 128               END USER: COMPANY FOOTPRINT          161

TABLE 129               REGION: COMPANY FOOTPRINT              162

10.5         STARTUPS/SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES (SMES) EVALUATION MATRIX                  163

10.5.1      PROGRESSIVE COMPANIES    163

10.5.2      RESPONSIVE COMPANIES       163

10.5.3      DYNAMIC COMPANIES             163

10.5.4      STARTING BLOCKS 163

FIGURE 46                DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: STARTUPS/SMES EVALUATION MATRIX, 2022                  164

10.5.5      COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING               164

TABLE 130               STARTUPS/SMES MATRIX: DETAILED LIST OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES   164

TABLE 131               DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: COMPETITIVE BENCHMARKING OF KEY STARTUPS/SMES    165

10.6         COMPETITIVE SCENARIOS AND TRENDS 166

10.6.1      DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: PRODUCT LAUNCHES, JANUARY 2019–AUGUST 2022                  166

TABLE 132               DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: PRODUCT LAUNCHES, JANUARY 2019–SEPTEMBER 2023  166

10.6.2      DEALS      173

TABLE 133               DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: DEALS, MAY 2021–SEPTEMBER 2023   173

10.6.3      OTHERS   177

TABLE 134               DATA CENTER GPU MARKET: OTHERS, JUNE 2022–JULY 2023             177

11             COMPANY PROFILES                179

11.1         INTRODUCTION        179

11.2         KEY PLAYERS           179

(Business Overview, Products/Solutions/Services offered, Recent Developments, MnM View)*

11.2.1      NVIDIA CORPORATION             179

TABLE 135               NVIDIA CORPORATION: COMPANY OVERVIEW         180

FIGURE 47                NVIDIA CORPORATION: COMPANY SNAPSHOT        180

TABLE 136               NVIDIA CORPORATION: PRODUCT/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED    181

TABLE 137               NVIDIA CORPORATION: PRODUCT LAUNCHES         183

TABLE 138               NVIDIA CORPORATION: DEALS 185

11.2.2      ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES, INC.            189

TABLE 139               ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES, INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW       190

FIGURE 48                ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES, INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT      190

TABLE 140               ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES, INC.: PRODUCTS/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED                  191

TABLE 141               ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES, INC.: PRODUCT LAUNCHES       192

TABLE 142               ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES, INC.: DEALS                194

TABLE 143               ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES, INC.: OTHERS             195

11.2.3      INTEL CORPORATION               197

TABLE 144               INTEL CORPORATION: COMPANY OVERVIEW          197

FIGURE 49                INTEL CORPORATION: COMPANY SNAPSHOT          198

TABLE 145               INTEL CORPORATION: PRODUCTS/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED    198

TABLE 146               INTEL CORPORATION: PRODUCT LAUNCHES           199

TABLE 147               INTEL CORPORATION: DEALS  200

TABLE 148               INTEL CORPORATION: OTHERS                202

11.2.4      MICRON TECHNOLOGY, INC.   204

TABLE 149               MICRON TECHNOLOGY, INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW                204

FIGURE 50                MICRON TECHNOLOGY, INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT               205

TABLE 150               MICRON TECHNOLOGY, INC.: PRODUCTS/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED                  206

TABLE 151               MICRON TECHNOLOGY, INC.: PRODUCT LAUNCHES                207

TABLE 152               MICRON TECHNOLOGY, INC.: DEALS       208

11.2.5      IBM CORPORATION 212

TABLE 153               IBM CORPORATION: COMPANY OVERVIEW              212

FIGURE 51                IBM CORPORATION: COMPANY SNAPSHOT             213

TABLE 154               IBM CORPORATION: PRODUCTS/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED       213

TABLE 155               IBM CORPORATION: PRODUCT LAUNCHES              214

TABLE 156               IBM CORPORATION: DEALS     214

11.2.6      QUALCOMM TECHNOLOGIES, INC.          218

TABLE 157               QUALCOMM TECHNOLOGIES, INC.: COMPANY OVERVIEW      218

FIGURE 52                QUALCOMM TECHNOLOGIES, INC.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT     219

11.2.7      SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.         225

TABLE 158               SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.: COMPANY OVERVIEW    225

FIGURE 53                SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.: COMPANY SNAPSHOT   226

TABLE 159               SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.: PRODUCTS/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED 227

TABLE 160               SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.: PRODUCT LAUNCHES    227

TABLE 161               SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.: DEALS             228

11.2.8      GOOGLE  230

TABLE 162               GOOGLE: COMPANY OVERVIEW               230

FIGURE 54                GOOGLE: COMPANY SNAPSHOT              231

TABLE 163               GOOGLE: PRODUCTS/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED        232

TABLE 164               GOOGLE: PRODUCT LAUNCHES               232

TABLE 165               GOOGLE: DEALS      233

11.2.9      MICROSOFT             236

TABLE 166               MICROSOFT: COMPANY OVERVIEW         236

FIGURE 55                MICROSOFT: COMPANY SNAPSHOT        237

TABLE 167               MICROSOFT: PRODUCTS/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED  237

TABLE 168               MICROSOFT: PRODUCT LAUNCHES         238

TABLE 169               MICROSOFT: DEALS 238

11.2.10   IMAGINATION TECHNOLOGIES                 240

TABLE 170               IMAGINATION TECHNOLOGIES: COMPANY OVERVIEW            240

TABLE 171               IMAGINATION TECHNOLOGIES: PRODUCTS/SOLUTIONS/SERVICES OFFERED                  240

TABLE 172               IMAGINATION TECHNOLOGIES: PRODUCT LAUNCHES             241

TABLE 173               IMAGINATION TECHNOLOGIES: DEALS    242

TABLE 174               IMAGINATION TECHNOLOGIES: OTHERS 245

*Details on Business Overview, Products/Solutions/Services offered, Recent Developments, MnM View might not be captured in case of unlisted companies.

11.3         OTHER PLAYERS      246

11.3.1      GRAPHCORE            246

11.3.2      HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.          247

11.3.3      ARM LIMITED           248

11.3.4      ADVANTECH CO., LTD.              249

11.3.5      GIGABYTE TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.          250

11.3.6      APPLE INC.                251

11.3.7      ZOTAC      252

12             APPENDIX                 253

12.1         DISCUSSION GUIDE 253

12.2         KNOWLEDGESTORE: MARKETSANDMARKETS’ SUBSCRIPTION PORTAL                256

12.3         CUSTOMIZATION OPTIONS      258

12.4         RELATED REPORTS 258

12.5         AUTHOR DETAILS     259